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den1dsa > Nervous System W5 > Flashcards

Nervous System W5 Flashcards

1
Q

Two Parts of CNS

A

Central Nervous System

  • The spinal cord: Send motor commands from brain to body, send sensory info from the body to the brain, coordinate reflexes.
  • The brain: Controls thought, memory, touch, motor skills, breathing, temperature and every other bodily process.
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2
Q

Two parts of PNS

A

Caries sensory information from body to CNS vis sensory nerves

Carries motor information from CNS to body via motor nerves

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3
Q

Two parts of Motor (efferent) Division

A

(1) Somatic nervous system
- Controls voluntary activities via signals from CNS to skeletal muscles

(2) Autonomic nervous system
- Controls involuntary activities

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4
Q

Two Parts of Autonomic Nervous System

A

(1) Parasympathetic nervous system - - prepares the body for rest and repair by returning body to homeostasis after threat has been subsided

(2) Sympathetic nervous system
- prepares for flight or fight response when body is under stress.

Both act via Reflexes

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5
Q

The Brain Stem

A
  • Relay Centre (connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord)
  • Controls Autonomic Functions eg breathing, heart rate, body temp etc
  • Where 10/12 cranial nerves originate
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6
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays sensory information from the body to other areas of the brain

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Master control of autonomic System - Controls behaviours such as hunger, thirst,sleep and sexual response
  • Regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, and secretion of hormones.
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8
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Controls Emotional Behaivours
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9
Q

Structures of the Limbic System

A
  • Thalamus,
  • Hypothalamus
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
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10
Q

Thalamus in Limbic System

A

Sensory Gateway

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11
Q

Hypothalamus in Limbic System

A

Regulates Emotions
(fear, sexual drive and aggression we feel)

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12
Q

Amygdala in Limbic System

A

Rage or aggression

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13
Q

Hippocampus in Limbic System

A

Memories
Limbic system help connect those memories to the emotion experiences when the memories form

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14
Q

Cerebrum

A

Cerebral Cortex
- Grey Matter (Nerve cell bodies)
- White Matter (Nerve fibres)
- Conscious Mind

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15
Q

Conscious Mind in Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Aware of ourselves and our sensation
  • Communicate
  • Remember
  • Understand
  • Initiate Voluntary movements
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16
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • coordinate muscle movements and balance
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17
Q

Gyrus

A

Elevated Ridges

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18
Q

Sulcus and Fissures

A

Shallow deep grooves that determine boundary of lobes

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19
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Divides frontal/parietal lobes

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20
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Divides frontal/temporal/parietal lobes

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21
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Separates hemispheres into left and right

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22
Q

Cerebral Lobes

A
  • Parietal lobe
  • Frontal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
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23
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Processing somatosensory input (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception (sense position and movement of our body and limbs in space))
  • Integrates visual and auditory inputs - spatial awareness

(informing us about objects in our external environment)

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24
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Movement Control
  • Problem solving, reasoning, planning
  • Personality, behaviour, emotions
  • Language production and articulation

(Defining us as who we - decision making, planning, problem solving and reasoning)

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25
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Hearing
  • Language Comprehension
  • Memory (formation and retention)
  • Contains Wernickes area so responsible for language comprehension and understanding

(Receives and processes auditory information from the ears)

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26
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • Visual Processing
  • Visual Memories
  • Visual Perception (special information)

(Processing and interpreting vision allowing us to detect and recognise colour, light, objects and movement)
(Enables us to form visual memories)

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27
Q

Cerebral Cortex functional Areas

A
  • Motor areas
  • Sensory areas
  • Association areas.
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28
Q

Motor Areas

A
  • Located in the frontal lobe
  • Control/Regulate voluntary movements
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29
Q

Sensory Areas

A
  • Found in the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
  • Process Sensory inputs for Perception

(Receive and process sensory information from the external environment or the body itself)

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30
Q

Association Areas

A
  • Integrates inputs from various sources for understanding and meaning

(Responsible for integrating and interpreting information received from sensory inputs, combining it with memories, emotions, and thoughts)

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31
Q

3 Parts of Motor Areas

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex
  • Premotor Cortex
  • Brocas Area
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32
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Relays motor command via chain of motor neurons to skeletal muscles for voluntary movement
- Motor homunculus (Map) - somatotopic organisation

Map (Specific regions of the cortex are responsible for motor control of specific areas of the body)

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33
Q

Premotor Cortex

A
  • Stores Repetitious movements
  • Movements activated or guided by sensory input
    (eg brake pedal when see red light)
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34
Q

Brocas Area

A
  • Language Processing and speech production
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35
Q

Sensory Areas: Somatic Sensations

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Somatosensory association cortex
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36
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • Processes touch, temperature, pain, proprioception sensory information
  • Sensory Homunculus
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37
Q

Somatosensory association cortex

A
  • Integrates and analyses different somatosensory inputs into understanding area
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38
Q

Sensory Areas: Hearing

A

Temporal Lobe
- Primary Auditory Cortex (Processes auditory information)
- Auditory Association Area (Interprets sounds and associated auditory input with other sensory information
- Wernickes Area (Comprehension of written and spoken language)

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39
Q

Sensory Areas: Vision

A

Occipital Lobe
- Primary Visual Cortex (Receives visual information that originates from the retina in the eyes- Right side of retina sees left and vis versa)
- Visual Association Area (interpretation of light stimuli based on past experiences - how we recognise people)

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40
Q

divisions of the NS

A
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41
Q

What is A and what is its function?

A

Frontal lobe
movement control, problem solving, personality, language production and articulation

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42
Q

What is B and what is its function?

A

parietal lobe
process somatosensory input (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception)
integrates visual and auditory inputs— spatial awareness

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43
Q

What is C and what is its function?

A

occipital lobe
visual processing, memories, perception ( special information)

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44
Q

What is D and what is its function?

A

cerebellum
balance + coordination

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45
Q

What is E and what is its function?

A

spinal cord
receives sensory information from body to brain
receives motor information from brain to body

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46
Q

What is F and what is its function?

A

brain stem
vital function eg. HR/RR

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47
Q

What is G and what is its function?

A

temporal lobe
hearing

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48
Q

Ventral roots

A
  • Contain motor neurons that originate in the anterior horn of the spinal cord’s gray matter and carry motor signals away from the CNS to muscles and glands throughout the body.
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49
Q

Dorsal Roots

A
  • Dorsal roots contain sensory neurons with their cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion (a swelling of the dorsal root). These neurons transmit sensory signals from receptors in the body (such as skin, muscles, and organs; related to touch, temperature, pain and proprioception) and send them to the CNS.
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50
Q

White Matter in Spinal Cord

A
  • Consists of bundles of neuronal axons that extend up and down its length.
  • Allows messages (action potentials) to pass between different areas of grey matter within
    the central nervous system.
  • Can be divided into pairs of dorsal columns (towards the back), ventral columns (towards the front) and lateral columns (towards the side).
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51
Q

Gray Matter in Spinal Cord

A
  • Made up of cell bodies, axon terminals (endings) and dendrites of neurons.
  • Functions to receive information and regulate outgoing information.
  • Divided into a dorsal horn (situated dorsal/posterior), ventral horn (situated ventral/anterior) and lateral horn (situated lateral).
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52
Q

Function of dorsal horn

A
  • Contains cell bodies of interneurons that relay sensory input related to touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the body
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53
Q

Function of ventral horn

A
  • Contains cell bodies of motor neurons that supply skeletal muscle to control voluntary skeletal muscle movements and regulate certain involuntary muscle activities.
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54
Q

Function of lateral horn

A
  • Contains cell bodies of preganglionic neurons that contribute to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system that regulate functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and visceral organ
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55
Q

Neuronal pathways - Descending pathways

A

Carries motor information from BRAIN TO BODY.

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56
Q

Neuronal pathways - Ascending pathways

A

sensory information from the peripheral nerves is transmitted to the cerebral cortex

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57
Q

Sensory receptors

A
  • Specialized to respond to changes in their environment, which are called stimuli
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58
Q

Sensation

A
  • Awareness of the stimulus
  • Occur in Brain
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59
Q

Perception

A
  • Interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus
  • Occur in Brain
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60
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A
  • Respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, and stretch
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61
Q

Thermoreceptors

A
  • Respond to temperature changes.
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62
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • Respond to chemicals in solution (molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry)
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63
Q

Nociceptors

A
  • Pain receptors
  • Respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain.
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64
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • Such as retina in the eye
  • Respond to light
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65
Q

Receptive Field

A
  • Peripheral Area which if stimulated leads to activity in the neuron
  • Smaller receptive fields greater the ability for our brains to accurately localise a stimulus site
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66
Q

Neurotransmitters produced in Sympathetic

A
  • norepinephrine captured by adrenergic receptors
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67
Q

What is A?

A

Thalamus

68
Q

Neurotransmitters produced in Parasympathetic

A
  • ACh (acetylcholine) captured by muscarinic receptors
69
Q

What is B?

A

Midbrain

70
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs- Arise from brain (2) or brainstem (10)
  • olfactory nerve
  • optic nerve
  • oculomotor nerve
  • trochlear nerve
  • trigeminal nerve
  • abducens
  • facial nerve
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • the accessory nerve
  • vagus nerve
  • the hypoglossal nerve.
71
Q

What is C?

A

Pons

72
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A
  • SMELL
  • Related with the sense of smell
  • Receptors lie in the mucosa of the nasal cavity
  • Sensory fibres synapse in the olfactory bulb
  • Doesn’t enter Brain Stem
73
Q

What is D?

A

Medulla oblongata

74
Q

Optic Nerve

A

VISION

  • Related to vision and arises from the recpetors in retina and transmits visual signals to the brain
  • Fibres arise from the retina of the eye to form the optic nerve
  • The optic nerves converge to form the optic chiasma where fibres partially cross over, continuing on as optic tracts into the thalamus and synapse there.
75
Q

What is E?

A

Spinal cord

76
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A

PUPIL CONSTRICTION/ OPENS EYELIDS

  • Eye Mover
  • Nerve supplies four of the six extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit
  • Contains parasympathetic fibres that innervate the circular muscles around the pupil that dilate or constrict to control light entering the eye, and two ciliary muscles which control the shape of the lens for visual focusing.
77
Q

What is F?

A

Brain stem

78
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

MOVES EYE DOWN AND INWARDS

  • Only cranial nerve that arises from the dorsal aspect of the midbrain
  • Pulley, and it innervates the extrinsic muscle of the eye that loops through the pulley system ligaments of the orbit
  • This nerve carries motor fibres to and proprioceptor fibres from one of the extrinsic eye muscles
79
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

SENSATION TO FACE/ MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

  • Largest of the cranial nerves
  • Three branches:
    ophthalmic, the maxillary, and the mandibular
  • It supplies sensory fibres from the face carrying information about touch, temperature, and pain receptors, and motor fibres that innervate the chewing muscles.
80
Q

Abducens Nerve

A

LATERAL EYE MOVEMENT

  • Moves eyeball laterally (side to side)
  • Has efferent fibres and supplies lateral rectus muscles that turns the eyeball laterally or side to side.
81
Q

Facial Nerve

A

SUPPLIES MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION/ TASTE (ANTERIOR 2/3 OF TOUNGE)/ CLOSES EYELIDS

  • Supplies the muscles of the face
  • Has sensory fibres for facial and taste sensations.
  • Has parasympathetic fibres that innervate various glands, including the lacrimal or the tear ducts, nasal and palatine glands, and the salivary glands.
82
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

HEARING; BALANCE

  • Sensory nerve for hearing and balance has also been called the auditory nerve
  • Sensory fibres from the hearing receptors in the cochlea and the equilibrium receptors in the semicircular canals and vestibule converts to form vestibulocochlear nerve.
83
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

SENSTAION + TASTE TO POSTERIOR 1/3 TOUNGE / POSTERIOR PHARYNX

  • Mixed type of nerve that innervates part of the tongue and the pharynx that has both sensory and motor fibres and parasympathetic as well
  • Motor fibres to and sensory fibres from the pharynx control swallowing movements
  • Sensory fibres conduct taste and general sensory impulses from both the tongue and the pharynx
  • Sensory signals from the chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies which monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
  • Baroreceptors which monitor blood pressure.
84
Q

Vagus nerve

A

PARASYMPATHETIC SUPPLY TO EYE, HEART, GUT, LUNGS AND LARYNX

  • Emerges from the medulla
  • Only nerve to extend beyond the head and neck to the thorax and the abdomen
  • Both afferent and efferent fibres, but most of them are afferent fibres that carry sensory information from different organs
  • Has parasympathetic effect on many organs like the heart, lung, and gastrointestinal system.
85
Q

Accessory nerve

A

SUPPLIES STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID ( ROTATES HEAD) AND TRAPEZIUS (LIFTS SHOULDERS)

  • Contains a mixture of nerves that primarily stimulate the two large neck muscles which together move the head and neck
  • Carries proprioceptor and motor signals from the same neck muscles.
86
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

CONTROLS MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE

  • Passes below the tongue
  • Supplies motor fibres to most of the muscles of the tongue
  • Controls muscles of the tongue (chewing, speech, swallowing)
87
Q

What is A?

A

Primary motor cortex

88
Q

What is B?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

89
Q

What is C?

A

Somatosensory association area

90
Q

What is D?

A

Wernikes area

91
Q

What is E?

A

Primary visual cortex

92
Q

What is F?

A

Visual association area

93
Q

What is G?

A

Primary auditory cortex

94
Q

What is H?

A

Auditory association area

95
Q

What is I?

A

Brocas area

96
Q

What is J?

A

Premotor cortex

97
Q

What is A?

A

Optic nerve

98
Q

What is B?

A

Trigeminal nerve

99
Q

What is C?

A

Facial nerve

100
Q

What is D?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

101
Q

What is E?

A

Vagus nerve

102
Q

What is F?

A

Spinal accessory nerve

103
Q

What is G?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

104
Q

What is H?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

105
Q

What is I?

A

Abducens nerve

106
Q

What is J?

A

Trochlear nerve

107
Q

What is K?

A

Oculomotor nerve

108
Q

What is L?

A

Olfactory nerve

109
Q

What is A?

A

Cervical nerves

110
Q

What is B?

A

Thoracic nerves

111
Q

What is C?

A

Lumbar nerves

112
Q

What is D?

A

Sacral nerves

113
Q

What is E?

A

Coccygeal nerves

114
Q

What is A?

A

Cerebrum

115
Q

What is B?

A

Cerebellum

116
Q

What is C?

A

Spinal cord

117
Q

What is D?

A

Medulla oblongata

118
Q

What is E?

A

Pons

119
Q

What is F?

A

Midbrain

120
Q

What is G?

A

Hypothalamus

121
Q

What is H?

A

Thalamus

122
Q

What is I?

A

Brainstem

123
Q

What is A?

A

Pre central gyrus

124
Q

What is B?

A

Central sulcus

125
Q

What is C?

A

Post central gyrus

126
Q

What is D?

A

Lateral sulcus

127
Q

What is E?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

128
Q

What is F?

A

Transverse cerebral fissure

129
Q

What is G?

A

Fissure = a deep sulcus

130
Q

What is H?

A

Gyrus

131
Q

What is I ?

A

Cortex (grey matter)

132
Q

What is J?

A

Sulcus

133
Q

What is K?

A

White matter

134
Q

What pathway?

A

Corticobular pathway

135
Q

What pathway?

A

Corticospinal pathway

136
Q

What is A? (PNS)

A

Cranial nerves

137
Q

What is B? (PNS)

A

Spinal nerves

138
Q

What is C? (PNS)

A

Ganglia

139
Q

What is A? (CNS)

A

Brain

140
Q

What is B? (CNS)

A

Spinal cord

141
Q

What is A?

A

Dorsal root

142
Q

What is B?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

143
Q

What is C?

A

Spinal nerve

144
Q

What is D?

A

Ventral root

145
Q

What is A?

A

Dorsal horn

146
Q

What is A?

A

Dorsal horn

147
Q

What is B ?

A

Dorsal column

148
Q

What is C?

A

Dorsal root

149
Q

What is D?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

150
Q

What is E?

A

Lateral column

151
Q

What is F?

A

Ventral root

152
Q

What is G?

A

Ventral column

153
Q

What is H?

A

Ventral horn

154
Q

What is I?

A

Lateral horn

155
Q

What is I?

A

Lateral horn

156
Q

What is A?

A

Somatic

157
Q

What is B?

A

Parasympathetic

158
Q

What is C?

A

Sympathetic

159
Q

What is A?

A

Spinal cord within spinal canal

160
Q

What is B?

A

Nerve root

161
Q

What is C?

A

Intervertebral disc

162
Q

Major Anatomical Differences Between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  1. Points Of Origin
    - Sympathetic: lumbar and thoracic regions of spinal column
    - Parasympathetic: brain and the sacrum
  2. Position Of Ganglia
    - Sympathetic:
    i. Short preganglionic neurons
    ii. Long postganglionic neurons
  • Parasympathetic:
    i. Long preganglionic neurons
    ii. Short postganglionic neurons
163
Q

Major Chemical Differences Between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons:
- Produce norepinephrine captured by adrenergic freceptors

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons:
- Produce acetylcholine (ACh) captured by muscarinic receptors

164
Q

Anatomical comparison of Branches (SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC)

A

Somatic: Only have a single neuron
Autonomic (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic): Two separate neurons –> Preganglionic + postganglionic

165
Q

Neurotransmitter + receptor comparison of Branches (SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC)

A

Somatic: nicotinic receptor that captures acetylcholine

Autonomic NS =
- Sympathetic NS = Produce norepinephrine captured by adrenergic freceptors
- Parasympathetic NS = Produce acetylcholine (ACh) captured by muscarinic receptors

166
Q

5 components of the reflex arc

A

(1) Receptor: which is the site of the stimulus action
(2) Sensory neuron: which transmits the afferent impulses to the spinal cord and the brain
(3) Integration centre: this is always within the CNS, particularly within the spinal cord
- Monosynaptic: single synapse between the sensory neuron and a motor neuron - In simple reflex arcs
- Polysynaptic: involves multiple synapses with chains of interneurons - In complex reflex arcs
(4) Motor neuron: conducts efferent impulses from the integration centre to an efferent organ, usually a muscle organ.
(5) Effector: the muscle fibre or gland cell that responds to the different impulses in an expected way. Could be contracting or secreting

den1dsa (17 decks)

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