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DEN1DSA > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What is A and what is its function?

A

Mouth

To mechanically (teeth) and chemically (saliva) to breakdown food

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2
Q

What is B and what are its 4 functions?

A

Tongue
- moves food bolus towards teeth during mastication so it can be mechanically digested
- moves food bolus towards back of throat so it can be swallowed
- speech
- taste

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3
Q

What is C and what is its function?

A

Oesophagus

To transports food bolus from the pharynx to the stomach via peristalsis

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4
Q

What is D and what is its function?

A

Liver

To produce bile that metabolizes fats, carbohydrates and proteins

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5
Q

What is E and what is its function?

A

Gallbladder

To store, concentrate and release bile

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6
Q

What is F and what is its function?

A

Duodenum

finial stage of digestion

secretin produced in response to acidic chyme in order to maintain pH (homeostasis)

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7
Q

What is G and what is its function?

A

Jejunum

lined with villi and microvilli

to absorb nutrients e.g. proteins, CHO, vitamins etc

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8
Q

What is H and what is its function?

A

Ileum

lined with villi and microvilli

to absorb nutrients and most water

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9
Q

What is I and what is its function?

A

Anus

To transport/provide pathway faeces out of the body

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10
Q

What is J?

A

Parotid gland (below ears)

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11
Q

What is K?

A

Sublingual gland

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12
Q

What is L?

A

Submandibular gland

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13
Q

What is M ?

A

Pharynx

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14
Q

What is N and what is its function?

A

Stomach

a C-shaped muscular bag located in the LUQ

To mechanically (churning of food through muscle contractions) and chemically breakdown (through activating enzymes eh. HCL)

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15
Q

What is P and what is its function?

A

Pancreas

To regulate of blood sugar levels (hormones)
To produce and release enzymes for digestion

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16
Q

What is Q?

A

Transverse colon

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17
Q

What is R?

A

Ascending colon

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18
Q

What is S?

A

Descending colon

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19
Q

What is W and what is its function?

A

Rectum

contains stretch receptors which send a message to nervous system to stimulate voluntary contraction of anal sphincter to push out faeces

To store faeces

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20
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

To break chemically and mechanically down ingested food, absorb nutrients and excrete waste products.

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21
Q

what is a bolus

A

semi-solid mass of food

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22
Q

function of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

to absorb nutrients into the bloodstream e.g. carbohydrates/lipids/proteins

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23
Q

Function of the salivary glands

A

To lubricate food to make it easier to move through digestive system

To chemically digest foods via enzymes

To destroy ingested pathogens (Non-specific immune defence)

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24
Q

function of the uvula

A

helps guide food bolus down the oesophagus and prevent food going up the nose

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25
Q

describe how the food bolus moves from the oral cavity to the oesophagus

A

tongue pushes food to back of oral cavity
epiglottis ensures food bolus moves down pharynx and not trachea
bolus goes down oesophagus

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26
Q

describe 4 features of the small intestine that assist with its function

A
  1. thin walls= short diffusion pathway= increased rate of nutrient diffusion
  2. rich blood supply to villi= maintain conc grad
  3. contains villi (finger-like projection) = large SA:V ratio= increased rate of absorption
  4. mucous membrane secretes mucus= moist= provides lubrication to reduce friction from movement of chyme
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27
Q

what is chyme?

A

mixture of food, gastric juice and HCl created in the stomach

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28
Q

What is C?

A

Jejunum

29
Q

What is D?

A

Ileum

30
Q

What is E?

A

Large intestine

31
Q

Where is pepsin produced and what does it breakdown?

A

Produced = Stomach
Breaksdown = Proteins

32
Q

Where is secretin produced and what does it breakdown?

A

Produced = Duodenum
Function = regulate gastric acid

33
Q

Where is amylase produced and what does it do?

A

Produced = pancreas and salivary glands breaksdown = starch

34
Q

Where is lipase produced and what does it do?

A

Produced = pancreas
breaksdown = fats/lipids

35
Q

Where is trypsin produced and what does it do?

A

produced =pancreas
breaksdowns = proteins

36
Q

insulin

A

increase uptake of glucose into cells with excess being converted to glycogen –> decreasing BGL

37
Q

Glucagon

A

breaks down stored glycogen into glucose which enters the blood stream –> increasing BGL

38
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

39
Q

Epiglottis

A

To provent food from going into the trachea and the rest of the respiratory tract
Allows air to pass into the trachea

40
Q

Segmentation occurs in the

A

Small intestine

41
Q

6 Digestive Activities

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical Digestion
  4. Chemical Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
42
Q

Digestive Activities

Ingestion

A

Taking in food by the mouth

43
Q

Digestive Activities

Propulsion

A

Aids in moving the food along the gastrointestinal tract
- swallowing (voluntary)
- peristalsis (Involuntary)

44
Q

Peristalsis

A

involuntary alternating waves of contractions and relaxation

45
Q

Digestive Activities

Mechanical Digestion

A
  • physically prepares the food for chemical digestion by increasing surface area
  • eg. mastication, churning of food in stomach, segmentation along the small intestine
46
Q

Digestive Activities

Chemical Digestion

A
  • Complex food molecules are broken down to chemical building blocks by enzymes
  • Begins in the mouth and is completed in the intestines
47
Q

Digestive Activities

Absorption

A
  • Passage of digestive end products along with vitamin, minerals and water from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract to the blood or lymph
  • Major site of absorption is the small intestine
48
Q

Digestive Activities

Defecation

A

indigestible substances are eliminated from the body in the form of faeces

49
Q

3 Regulatory Mechanisms of the Digestive System

A
  1. Mechanical/Chemical Stimuli
    - Reflect activity
  2. Hormones
    - Within the stomach and small intestine
  3. Neurons. Two Types:
    - Intrinsic (short reflexes) –> within the GI tract
    - Extrinsic (long reflexes) –> inside or outside the GI tract.
50
Q

Deglutination (Process of Digestion)

A
  1. Ingestion
    - The intake of food, which includes mechanical digestion and chemical digestion (salivary amylase and lingual lipase). Voluntary and reflexive.
  2. Buccal Phase
    - Propulsion of the bolus into the oropharynx and then into the laryngopharynx (passageways for food, fluids and air). Multi-layer epithelial cells - protect pharynx. Skeletal muscles to contract and propel food.
  3. Pharyngeal Phase
    - food moves from the laryngopharynx and is directed to the oesophagus. Epiglottis closes off the larynx to incoming food. Respiration is inhibited. Bolus moving from pharynx to oesophagus by peristalsis is involuntary.
  4. Esophageal Phase
    - The lower oesophageal sphincter opens to allow the bolus to pass into the stomach. Bolus from oesophagus to stomach by peristalsis is involuntary.
51
Q

Regulation of Gastric Secretions (Juices)

A
  1. Cephalic Phase:
    - Hypothalamus received stimulus from tastebuds, stimulates medulla
    - transmits impulses which result in secretory and contractile activity.
    - Initiated by the taste, sight, smell or thought of food.
    - Inhibited by loss of appetite or depression.
  2. Gastric Phase:
    - Occurs once food enters the stomach.
    -Neural and hormonal stimuli
    - Initiated by food entering the stomach.
    - Inhibited by excessive acidity in the stomach, and emotional upset.
  3. Intestinal Phase:
    - Initiated by food entering the duodenum.
    - Inhibited by enterogastric reflex, and intestinal hormones.
52
Q

4 Structural Modifications of the Small Intestine

A

Circular Folds
- Increases surface area and causes chyme to spiral around the small intestine
Villi
- Finger-like projections of the mucosa that increase surface area Microvilli
- Contain Enzymes for absorption
Cilli
- Movement of food across the tract

53
Q

Absorptive State

A

when you have just eaten

54
Q

Post-Absorptive State

A

when you have not eaten

55
Q

Sources of Blood Glucose

A

Carbohydrates
Triglycerides
Amino Acids

56
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Converts amino acids into keto acids into glucose. (postabsorptive)

57
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Converts glycogen into glucose. (postabsorptive)

58
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Converts glucose into glycogen. (absorptive)

59
Q

Lipolysis

A

Converts triglycerides into fatty acids. (postabsorptive)

60
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Converts fatty acids into triglycerides. (absorptive)

61
Q

structure of digestive system

A
  1. THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
    - Continuous Muscular digestive tube: digests the food into smaller fragments and absorbs fragments into the blood.
  2. ACCESORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS
    - Organs that aid the digestive process.
62
Q

4 layers of small intestine

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

63
Q

What sphincter separates the stomach from the duodenum?

A

Pyloric sphincter

64
Q

function of large intestine

A

to absorb water and ions

65
Q

REGULATORY MOVEMENTS of large intestine

A
  1. HAUSTRAL CONTRACTIONS: SLOW SEGMENTING MOVEMENTS (30 MINS)
  2. MASS MUSCLE MOVEMENTS - LONG SLOW MOVING CONTRACTIONS USUALLY DURING/AFTER EATING
  3. RECTAL WALL INITIATES DEFICATION REFLEX.
  4. DEFICATION IS ASSISTED BY VALSALVA’S MANEUVER
    - Closing of glottis, contraction of diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles to increase intra- abdominal pressure.
    –> 1 - faeces move into, exited rectum - stimulate stretch receptors
    –> Parasympathetic signals - signal contraction, relaxation of anal sphincter
    –> Voluntary motor neuron inhibits allowing anal sphincter to relax.
66
Q

SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS

A
  • 70%
  • Mixture of water and mucous
67
Q

SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

A
  • 5%
  • Mucous
68
Q

PAROTID

A
  • 20%
  • WATERY

DEN1DSA (17 decks)

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