Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FPH exam > 4C Equality, equity and policy > Flashcards

4C Equality, equity and policy Flashcards

1
Q

What is social justice?

A

the term social, justice embodies a notion of fairness that extends beyond individual rights to achieve a just society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give examples of:

Need that is normative and felt but not expressed

A

conditions with stigma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give examples of:

Need that is expressed and normative but not felt

A

screening, immunisations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give examples of:

Need that is felt and expressed but not normative

A

GP appointment for common cold

Consultation for cosmetic surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How might need for healthcare be defined

A
  • bradshaws normative need is sometimes described as ‘need for healthcare’

Culyer and wagstaff defined need for healthcare as a need which is equal to a persons capacity to benefit (ie need for healthcare only exists if their is an effective treatment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bradshaws needs: what is comparative need?

A
  • AKA relative need
  • this is need identified by comparing the services of one group of individuals compared with the services received by a similar group
  • comparators may be neighbouring boroughs or countries
    MEASURES: deprival measures may be helpful in indicating need for health (nut not necessarily need for healthcare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bradhaws needs: what is normative need?

A
  • AKA demand for healthcare
  • Normative need is need as assessed by an expert
  • a professionals opinion as to whether a person has a normative need is dependent on severalr factors (symptoms, whether an effective treatment exists, whether that treatment is available, whether the patient is suitable for the treatment)
  • normative need therefore often depends on the state of health systems and the availability of technology

MEASURMENT: needs assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bradshaws needs: what is expressed need?

A
  • AKA Demand
  • expressed need is felt need turned into action
  • when a person seeks healthcare for a felt need

MEASUREMENT: can be measured using waiting lists as a proxy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bradshaws need: What is felt need

A
  • AKA demand
  • relates to an individuals subjective experience of need
  • felt need does not necessarily translate to expressed need ie someone may have a headache but not seek healthcare

MEASUREMENT: suverys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are bradshaws 4 types of need?

A
  • Felt need
  • expressed need
  • normative need
  • comparative need
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who defined 5 major theories around social justice and what are they?

A
  • Kay and Just
  • DRRIP
  • DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
    means of ensuring fair distribution of goods
  • RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
    how society punishes acts of injustice
  • RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
    bringing together of victims and perpetrators of injustice to restore justice after a harm has taken place
  • INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE
    fairness in how people interact with each other
  • PROCEDURAL JUSTICE
    fairness in the way decisions or agreements are made
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Social justice: distributive justice, what is it and list 3 different ways it can be interpreted

A
  • focuses on means of ensuring fairness of distribution of goods
  • term that is sometimes used synomonously with social justice
  • fair distribution can be interpreted in different ways:
  1. UTILITARIANISM
  2. JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS (AKA RAWLSIANISM)
  3. MAXIMSING INDIVIDUAL CAPABITILITIES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Distributive justice: what is utilitarianism

A
  • societies should make decisions that achieve the GREATEST GOOD FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER
  • benefits should be redistributed form the rich to the poor (additional benefits to the poor may achieve greater good that additional benefits to the rich)
    -there should be equal allocation of benefits to all
  • however it risks marginalising and disadvantaging vulnerable and minority groups
  • an example of this application is housing people with serious mental illness in institutions for the ‘greater good of society’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Distributive justice: what is justice as fairness

A
  • proposed by rawls
  • 2 key principles of achieving a fair society
  1. BASIC LIEBRTIES ARE A LEGAL RIGHT FOR EVERYONE (restricting the individual liberties of some members of society is not justified even if it could lead to the greater good of society)
  2. DIFFERENCE PRINCIPLE (resources do not need to be distributed equally, they should be allocated so the benefits for the poorest are maximised)
  • Rawls also proposed a model for societal decision making termed ‘THE VEIL OF IGNORANCE’
  • No one knows where they will end up on the social spectrum and policy makers should consider society form the perspective of all members including the most advantaged and disadvantaged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Distributive justice: what is maximising individual capabilities

A
  • built on Rawls proposal with a focus on making society less unjust (rather than trying to obtain perfect justness which is unlikely)
  • a persons individual capabilities should the primary method of achieving optimal wellbeing as opposed to focusing on the possession of goods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Social justice: what is procedural justice

A
  • whereas distributive justice focusses on outcomes, procedural justice focuses on fairness in how those outcomes are achieved
  • useful when it is not possible to know the outcomes of a policy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

social justice: what factors are important for procedural justice

A
  • Thibaut and Walker argued the most important requirement for procedural justice was VOICE (ie the opportunity for communities and individuals to express views about a decision)
  • 6 other criteria proposed for procedural justice are (ACE CAN)

A- be based on ACCURATE information
C- Be CONSISTANT
E- be made ETHICALLY
C- have the potential to be CORRECTED
A- take account of ALL PARTIES
N- be neutral (ie not be biased by preconceptions or self interest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is rationing necessary in healthcare

A
  • in health care resources will always be scarce (ie resources will be finite)
  • however demand for healthcare is potentially infinite so rationing will be necessary
  • a system of decision making is therefore needed to decide which services to provide and which to not
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is explicit rationing

A
  • rationing which uses transparent, consistent criteria to make entitlement decisions about who gets care and who does not
  • ie NICE health technology assessments or IVF criteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is implicit rationing?

A

rationing done behind the scenes without clear criteria

ie GP receptionist deciding whether to allocate urgent GP appointment or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rationing decisions at different levels: macro (give an example and advantages and disadvantages of rationing at this level)

A
  • national level rationing
  • government or state level
  • eg NICE ‘do not do’ guidance which specifies procedures which have little or no clinical effectiveness
  • Advantages: avoids unnecessary duplication of work locally
  • disadvantages: no scope for local decision making
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rationing decisions at different levels: meso (give an example and advantages and disadvantages of rationing at this level)

A
  • organisational level ie hospital
    -eg. referral review boards to reduce unnecessary hospital use
  • advantages: can respond to local circumstances
  • disadvantages: risk of unnecessary duplication of work if similar reviews are happening at other hospitals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Rationing decisions at different levels: micro (give an example and advantages and disadvantages of rationing at this level)

A
  • rationing at the level of the individual clinician (ie frequency and duration of consultations, intensity and scope of interventions offered)
  • advantages: can respond to individual circumstances
  • disadvantages: vulnerable to inconsistencies. little accountability in decision making
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does procedural justice effect rationing?

A
  • rationing decisions are influenced by the views and experiences of decision makers. For this reasons the VOICE of stakeholders is massively important in the decision making process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What 3 criteria do rationing decisions in healthcare normally take into account?

A

1 NEED
- need can be considered on 2 levels

individual capacity to benefit (ie do not given treatments that individuals will not benefit from)

Society (ie a society with a high birth rate may have greater rationing of IVF than one with a low birth rate)

  1. COST EFFECTIVENESS
    ie NICE usually considers treatments about a threshold cost per QALY as not being cost effective
  2. FAIRNESS
    -people in similar circumstances should have similar access to care (ie no postcode lottery)
    - the process of allocating resources should also be fair (should follow principles of procedural justice)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define equity in 1 word

A

Fairness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define equality in 3 words

A

same for all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define efficiency

A

Greatest benefit achievable for a given resource

Definitions of efficiency generally relate to a utilitarian philosophical position- achieving the greatest aggregated goods across the the greatest number in the whole community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

define efficiency in healthcare

A
  • achieving the greatest improvements in wellbeing from the available resources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is pareto optimal

A
  • economists describe the ultimate state of efficiency as being pareto optimal
    -a system is pareto optimal when no further improvements can be made in one part of the system without disadvantaging another part
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is vertical equity in healthcare

A

unequal healthcare for unequal need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is horizontal equity in healthcare

A

equal health care for equal need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

describe how equity and efficiency can be in conflict

A
  • for an intervention to be efficient it should achieve the greatest net health cains for a given budget
  • for an intervention to be equitable it should be fairly distributed within the population (this may not be equal distribution)
  • an efficient intervention may risk widening gaps in health outcomes between groups in society as some groups may require a lot more resource to achieve small health gains
  • what is efficient may not be equitable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

describe how equity and efficiency can align

A
  • some people argue that equity and efficiency are mutually exclusive
  • considering externalities can help them align
  • externalities are by-products of the production/consumption of goods which are enjoyed by society in general
  • equitable care can provide externalities which improve the wellbeing of society and make the intervention more efficient
    ie targeting groups with low vaccination rates can take a lot more resource but society benefits from herd immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

when did the concepts of ‘patients as consumers’ and ‘healthcare as a product’ emerge?

A
  • the biomedical model of healthcare traditionally had connotations of patients being passive recipients of care
  • in the 1980s the concepts of ‘patients as consumers’ and ‘health care as a product’ were set out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

discuss a policy/scheme that gives patients choice as consumers of healthcare. what 3 things are such policies intending to achieve

A
  • choose and book
  • allows patients to choose at which hospital they receive elective care
  • such policies are intended to:
  1. increase competition between trusts
  2. make healthcare more responsive to consumer preferences
  3. improve efficiency of healthcare
37
Q

what factors continue to constrain consumer choice within health care (4)

A
  1. HEALTHCARE GATEKEEPING
    - patients are obliged to see GPs or other gatekeepers in order to access other healthcare services
  2. URGENCY OF TREATMENT
    in emergency situations choice to receive healthcare and where to receive it are often removed
  3. DISEMPOWERMENT
    unwell patient may not feel empowered to challenge decisions they would when feeling well
  4. INFORMATION ASSYMETRY
    - patients are often dependant on guidance from medical professionals over complex decisions regarding their care. Their decisions are often influenced by the information provided
38
Q

Why is community participation important for health care services?

A
  • procedural justice requires that communities and individuals have an active role in decision making about healthcare
39
Q

give 3 ways in which community participation in healthcare may involve community groups with examples

A
  1. SUPPORTING MAINSTREAM SERVICES
    - ie community groups providing transport for patients
  2. REPLACING MAINSTREAM SERVICES
    - ie in the 1970s in the US and Canada Women’s Health Collectives were established to provide information and healthcare to women in response to concerns that women’s needs were often trivialised by mainstream services
  3. PARTICIPATE IN RUNNING MAINSTREAM SERVICES
    foundation trusts have boards of governors composed of patients, staff members and members of the public. The board of governors have responsibilities such as appointment of the chair, the non-executive directors and chief executive. The board of governors also has the right to be consulted on the trusts strategic direction
40
Q

Give 2 different approaches to international priority setting frameworks

A
  • sabik and lie reviewed how 8 countries approached explicit priority setting
  • 2 approaches were identified
  1. OUTLINING PRINCIPLES
    - approach starts by defining some abstract principles that will be used to guide priority setting decisions (ie which services are a greater priority)
    - ie used in Sweden where they had criteria based on need and solidarity
  2. DEFINING PRACTICES
    - process starts with some concrete allocation decisions such as defining a package of publicly funded services or establishing clinical guidelines
    - ie in the UK NICE was established to appraise new technologies, produce guidelines etc
41
Q

Name 3 frameworks which can be used for local priority setting

A
  • local areas also need an approach to making priority decisions for their population
  • 3 approaches which have been used in the NHS include:
  1. PROGRAMME BUDGETING AND MARGINAL ANALYSIS
  2. SAVE TO INVEST
  3. MULTICRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS
42
Q

Local priority setting frameworks: what is budget setting and marginal analysis and how is it done?

A
  • involves the evaluation of current resources, spend and allocation
  • marginal analysis is an assessment of the benefits gained and costs incurred by investing in a service OR the benefits lost and savings made by disinvesting in a service
  • a panel is convened to:
    1. decides locally relevant decision making criteria
    2. make decisions about investment/ maintenance/cutting
  • stakeholders are consulted at all stages
  • the degree to which equity is considered depends on the criteria decided by the panel
43
Q

Local priority setting frameworks: what is Save to Invest and how is it done?

A
  • this framework was created in response to the provision of various non-essential surgical procedures
  • for each procedure a standard set of ‘access criteria’ are outline, which if rigorously applied will reduce the rate of the procedure
  • estimations are made of the maximum an minimum reductions that might be expected along with associated cost savings
  • equity is considered in the framework (main aim is to reduce 3-4 fold variation in hospital admissions)
44
Q

Local priority setting frameworks: what is multi-criteria analysis and how is it done?

A
  • ranks the relative priority of selected preventative healthcare interventions
  • ranks interventions according to 5 criteria (although these may be varied)
    1. cost effectiveness (cost per QALY)
    2. affordability
    3. certainty (evidence of effectiveness)
    4. reach (% of population likely to be reached)
    5. Inequality (how it affects disadvantaged Vs how it affects whole population)
  • each of the criteria are weighted
  • if these criteria are used equity is considered
45
Q

What are the benefits of increasing patients access to information about health?

A
  • by providing patients with information it may be possible to improve patients understanding of health and healthcare
  • increasing understanding can:
  1. increase accountability of health services (as patients more aware of their rights)
  2. enable patients to make a more informed choice
  3. reduce the knowledge imbalance between patients and professionals
46
Q

What are the benefits of increasing patients access to information about health?

A
  1. Health information is often available on the internet and quality is variable
  2. Information has varying applicability to individual patients
  3. There is varying health literacy
  4. there is the potential to worsen health inequalities because of varying internet access and health literacy
47
Q

Making information more accessible: what act allows people information about rights and services?

A
  • Freedom of information act
  • applies in England wales and N.Ireland
  • applies to all ‘public authorities’ including central and local government, NHS, schools, universities, Police, other public bodies
  • requires public authorities to:
    1. specify the types of information that they publish
    2. specify how such information is made available and whether it is free or at a cost
  • the act also gives people the legal right to ask for information that the public authorities holds
  • information can be withheld to protect various interests that are allowed for in the act
  • requests can be refused if it will cost the public authority more than a set amount to find the information (£600)
48
Q

Making information more accessible: what act allows people information about individuals?

A
  • when people request what information a public body holds about themselves the request is handled under the data protection act
49
Q

give 6 benefits of user involvement in service planning

A
  1. fits with principles of procedural justice
  2. empowers patients
  3. patients may lack conflicts of interest that medical professional may have (ie financial interest in health services)
  4. creates a partnership between patients and professionals
  5. Improves service quality (particularly accessibility and acceptability)
  6. acknowledges peoples power for self determination
50
Q

List 5 barriers to user involvement in service planning

A
  1. medical professionals have been socialised to view themselves as authorities
  2. may increase lengthiness and cost of projects
  3. users may be biased in some areas (ie media coverage of MMR may have biased parents against vaccines)
  4. lack of technical knowledge may limit some users ability to fully participate
  5. may be difficult to recruit a representative sample of users
51
Q

Which organization is primarily responsible for patient/public involvement in healthcare in England? and what is and what powers does it have

A
  • HealthWatch
  • national organisation with local offices in each local authority
  • local HealthWatch organisations have statutory powers to:
  1. request information from health and social care providers
  2. ‘enter and view’ publicly funded health and social care services
  3. report issues to the CQC
  4. sit as a member of the local health and wellbeing board
  • local HealthWatch organisations also reach out to communities to ensure that all groups and individuals get chance to have their voices heard.
52
Q

what is power?

A
  • the capacity to make something happen
  • it often involves influencing individuals or organisations to do something they otherwise would not have done
53
Q

What are the 6 different types of power (there is a mneumonic)

A

Rapid Penguins Chase Playful Eagles Nearby

  1. RESOURCE (AKA REWARD)
    - this power comes from having resources (ie budgets, people) and therefore having the power to reward people ie with funds or promotion
  2. POSTION
    - power obtained by the virtue of holding a particular rile within an organisation
  3. COERCIVE
    - Power obtained by having the ability to punish
  4. PERSONAL
    - aka charisma
    - power obtained from personality attributes
  5. EXPERT
    - power obtained from acknowledged expertise
  6. NEGATIVE
    - power to stop things from happening
54
Q

what are the benefits of considering the different types of power?

A
  • by considering who has which type of power public health specialists can identify which people need to be influenced in order to secure support for a particular policy
  • considering types of power can also help work out which sources of power an individual is underusing
55
Q

What are interests?

A
  • all actors involved in a policy process have their own interests (things that would benefit them/they would like)
56
Q

what are interest groups and what are the 2 types?

A
  • interest groups are voluntary collectives of individuals that attempt to influence policy to achieve specific goals
  • there are 2 types of interest groups
  1. SECTIONAL INTEREST GROUPS
    seek to protect or enhance the interests of their members/ the section of society that they represent
    eg trade unions
  2. CAUSE INTEREST GROUPS
    - support and promote a cause ie rights of asylum seekers
57
Q

What are ideologies? name 3 types that are seen in public health policy.

A

Ideologies are belief systems around the allocation and use of power in society

  • ideology often defines different political parties and their policies ie individual freedom Vs authority of the state

3 broad ideological perspectives used in publuc health policy are:

  1. collectivism/socialism
  2. Individualism/ libertarianism
  3. Environmental/green
58
Q

Ideologies: what is collectivism/ socialism

A
  • places great emphasis on the role of the state and highly critical of individualism
  • state intervention is the principle means of social improvement
59
Q

ideologies: what is individualism/ libertariansim?

A
  • emphasises the freedom of the individual to pursue any activity without interference from the state (provided no others are harmed)
60
Q

Ideologies: what is environmental/green ideology?

A
  • this ideology opposes the destructiveness of industrial society, in particular its pursuit of economic growth at all costs
61
Q

Inequalities in the distribution of health: gender

A
  • women live long than men and in (apparently) worse health
    -there is question around whether the increased ill health seen in women is a construct (perhaps because of greater reporting or greater health seeking)
  • gender differences in mortality are likely to be biological and social factors (greater risk taking behaviours etc)
  • data has shown that inequality has a greater impact on the life expectancy of men than of women
62
Q

Inequalities in the distribution of health: ethnicity

A

Differences in health seen between ethnic groups may be due to:
- biology
- migration (loss of social capital)
- poverty (minority ethnic groups in the UK are generally less affluent than white British)
- discrimination/racism (can worsen health though stress and social isolation)
- access to healthcare

Certain illnesses more frequently affect certain ethnic groups

63
Q

Inequalities in health: region

A
  • In England there is a north south health divide with worse health outcomes experienced in the north
  • the full reason for this is unclear but there is a socioeconomic difference with deprivation generally higher in the north
  • the materialistic explanation is therefore plausible
64
Q

What factors can affect access to healthcare?

A
  • geography
    -finance
  • waiting time
  • language
  • understanding
  • cultural acceptability

amongst many others

65
Q

What are the recommendations of the marmot report 10 years on?

A
  • 2020
  1. give every child the best start in life
  2. enable all children, young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives
  3. create fair employment and good work for all
  4. ensure a healthy standard of living for all
  5. create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities
66
Q

define migration

A

permanent relocation of people from one country to another

67
Q

what proportion of the worldwide population was estimated to be international migrants in 2020

A

3.6%

68
Q

Give reasons for both voluntary (4) and forced (3) migration

A

VOLUNTARY
- employment
- family reunification
- lifestyle
- study

FORCED
- war and conflict
- persecution
- natural disasters

69
Q

Define: documented migrant

A
  • person who has entered a host country with authorisation of residence and employment from state authorities
70
Q

Define: undocumented migrant

what other name is sometimes inappropriately used?

A
  • person who resides in a host country without authorisation of residence and employment from state authorities
  • sometimes called illegal migrants
  • may have entered without authorisation or overstayed a visa
71
Q

Define: asylum seeker

A

Person who has requested sanctuary in a destination country on the grounds of having escaped persecution in the country of origin

72
Q

Define: conventional refugee

A
  • person who has been recognised by the host country as having well funded fear of being persecute
  • such as person is afforded full rights of the 1951 UN convention on refugees
73
Q

Define: Quota refugee

A
  • a person who is granted limited refugee status by a destination country before leaving the country of origin
  • usually by part of an agreement by which the destination country agrees to take a finite group of refugees over a short period of time
74
Q

Define: emigration

what measure is used

A
  • the process of people leaving one country
  • number of people leaving country per 1000 of the country’s population per year
75
Q

Define: immigration

what measure is used

A
  • process of people entering a country to take up residence
  • number of people entering country per 1000 of the host country’s population per yar
76
Q

what is the healthy migrant paradox

A
  • some studies show that migrants have better health than native residents of the host country despite poorer socioeconomic contexts and facing socioeconomic disadvantage in the host country
  • people with capacity to migrate tend to be the healthiest members of the country of origin
  • in host countries first generation migrants tend have lower paid and lower status jobs
  • undocumented migrants and victims of human trafficking can be subject to exploitation and abuse
77
Q

Factors affecting the health of migrants (6)

A

REASON FOR MIGRATION
- forced migration is associated with poorer health and social conditions than planned, voluntary migrants

RIGHTS OF MIGRANTS
- documented migrants have more rights than undocumented
- even though documented migrants may have rights to services, language, knowledge and cultural barriers may restrict access

GEOGRAPHY
- barriers can be reduced by origin and host country being similar

HEALTH PRE MIGRATION
- migrants from countries with good health care may have better health pre migration which will be carried to host country

ROUTE OF MIGRATION
- migrants may be subject to health risks during transit (ie small boats and drowning)

GENERIC
- age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender

78
Q

How does the pattern of disease in migrants change over time

A
  • first generation migrants tend to retain patterns of disease from their country of origin

ie Japanese have high rates of gastric cancer due to diets high in pickled, salty and smoked foods. First generation japanese immigrants in the USA retain this risk.

  • as migrants lifestyle adapt to that of the host country their patterns of disease often change to be more reflective of that of the host country
79
Q

What risks are people subject to forced migration at?

A
  • EPIDEMICS
    poor sanitation and overcrowding in refugee camps
  • SEXUAL VIOLENCE
    due to assaults and rapes as weapons of war
  • PTSD
    PTSD is of high prevalence amongst forced migrants
  • RISKS IN TRANSIT
    ie small boats and drowning
  • HOSTILITY ON ARRIVAL
    often in poor condition housing, lack of social integration, stigma and hostility
80
Q

Effects of migration on origin country

A
  • loss of skilled workers
  • financial/economic implications of loss of working age population (mitigated to some extent by REMITTANCE- the portion of migrants salaries that are sent back to the host country)
  • loss of younger/ healthier population
81
Q

Effects of migration on host country

A
  • gain of skilled workers
  • source of income (international students are worth an estimated £8bn to UK economy)
  • change to demographic profile (migrants tend to be working age, may have a higher birth rate than host country population)
  • drain on services (healthcare, education, housing)
82
Q

Give 5 positives health effects of international trade

A
  1. Greater availability of health technologies
  2. greater reliability of health technology availability
  3. greater competition in pricing of health technologies
  4. more equal distribution of resources if more countries can trade
    5 economic benefits to countries can lead to improved wider determinants of health
83
Q

Give 5 negative impacts of international trade on health

A
  1. Infection can be spread through produce or infectious trade people
  2. environmental impacts of greater global transportation
  3. unfair trade agreements can be negotiated if countries have unequal power
  4. countries may not all have the same food regulations leading to food safety concerns
  5. trading internationally reduces capacity to monitor and influence the condition of producers
84
Q

global influences on health and social policy: list 4 reports that had global impact on health and social policy

A
  1. LaLonde report 1974 (shifted focus in canada from medical care to the wider determinants of health)
  2. Alma-Ata declaration 1978 (affirmed health as a fundamental human right. Called for health for all by 2000)

3.The Ottawa conference on Health Promotion 1986 (championed the idea that health promotion was central to achieving health goals internationally)

  1. Health for all i the 21st century( policy establishes global priorties and targets to help people reach the highest attainable level of health in their lives)
85
Q

List 4 global organisations key to developing health and social policy

A
  • WHO
    -UN
  • International monetary fund
  • world trade organisation
86
Q

What did the Beveridge report lead to in Britain

A
  • development of the welfare state
  • series of policies to support people with financial, health or social need
  • the government acknowledged its responsibility to care for people from ‘cradle to grave’
87
Q

Give 6 challenges to evaluating health improvement investment

A
  1. health promotion programmes often have multiple objectives
  2. clients involved are often healthy and the benefits are greater than simply a gain in health status
  3. QALYs do not capture the full range of benefits from health promotion
  4. RCTs are needed to confirm that any observed benefits were caused by the intervention, however, these are difficult to conduct in health promotion due to the long time frames involved.
  5. Economic evaluations of health promotion are highly impacted by the rate of discounting applied (the practice of weighting future gains and losses less heavily than those that occur in the present)
  6. The aim of health promotion is reduced morbidity and mortality (if successful they may actually increase cost to the state due to increased population longevity)
88
Q

Give 3 challenges of investment in economic development and global organisations for health improvement

A
  1. chaotic global health landscape
  2. plethora of organisations involved in global health improvement (including private organisations and NGOs), makes co-ordination and accountability difficult
  3. Inadequate systems for tracking and monitoring of global health financing (so it is not known how much money is spent on global health funding)
89
Q

Give an example of a global organization health improvement project which has received criticism

A
  • WHO and UNAID ‘3 by 5’ initiative
  • announced in 2003
  • aimed to deliver antiretroviral treatment to 3 million people in developing and transition countries by 2005
  • criticised as unrealistic due to short time frame and putting undue pressure on poorly funded local health systems
  • failed to meet target

FPH exam (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions