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BIO 150/51 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

Study for the final exam

0
Q

This Englishman observed milkmaids rarely got smallpox but instead cowpox. He began inoculating people. He made the first vaccine.

A

Edward Jenner

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1
Q

It is a catalysts. It has a specific shape. It speeds up a reaction. What is it?

A

Enzyme

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2
Q

This was proposed by Darwin and is a mechanism of evolution. (Survival of the fittest.)

A

Natural Selection

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3
Q

It has been thought that many diseases now associated with aging are related to the malfunctioning mitochondria. Why are the mitochondria so important to all cells?

A

They produce energy in the form of ATP.

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4
Q

When individuals have mitochondrial disorders, why are the skeletal and heart muscles and the brain most often affected?

A

They are the most important organs.

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5
Q

Which of the following types of organisms do NOT depend on mitochondria to survive?

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

What is the ultimate source of chemical energy for all living organisms?

A

Photosynthesis

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7
Q

Who discovered that living vegetation added something to the air?

A

Joseph Priestly

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8
Q

Organelle

A

A membrane-bound part of a cell that performs a specific function. Organelles are only found in eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

How long is the typical human chromosome?

A

140 million nucleotides long

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10
Q

What is glucose? What is starch? What is maltose?

A

Glucose is a monosaccharide. Starch is a polysaccharide (it is composed of glucose). Maltose is a disaccharide (it is composed of two glucose units).

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11
Q

What is the difference between Calorie and calorie?

A

Calorie is used in food labels. Calorie stands for 1,000 calories. Scientists typically use calorie instead of Calorie.

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12
Q

What book did Darwin publish that proposed the theory of evolution?

A

The Origin of Species

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13
Q

What island did Darwin go to to study the evolutionary patterns between the island animals and the mainland animals?

A

Galapagos Island

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14
Q

What did Housz (Jan Ingen-Housz) contribute to the understanding of photosynthesis?

A

He proposed plants use sunlight to split carbon dioxide (CO_2) into carbon (C) and oxygen (O_2).

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15
Q

What is the first step of cellular respiration? It takes place in the cytoplasm, and results in 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

A

Glycosis

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16
Q

What key component of bacterial cell wall does penicillin inhibit the production of?

A

Peptitoglycan

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17
Q

What is the ratio that occurs when you cross two heterozygous for two different traits that are NOT linked?

A

9:3:3:1

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18
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

When the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule besides oxygen

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19
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When 2 non-sister chromosomes share DNA

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of Cancer cells?

A

1)Divide Fast 2)Immortal 3)Telomere doesn’t get shorter 4)Do not have contact imhibition 5)Forms blood vessels 6)Multiple mutations

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21
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy at rest.

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22
Q

Redox reactions

A

Oxidation and Reduction

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23
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized sex cell.

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24
Q

A variant of an element characterized by it’s difference in neurons.

A

Isotope

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25
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal healthy human have?

A

46

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26
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a normal healthy human have?

A

23

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27
Q

The theory that living things change over time through natural selection. Darwin is credited for this theory. "Descent with modification"

A

Evolution

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28
Q

Nucleus

A

Where genetic information is located.

29
Q

Nucleolus

A

Region where ribosomal RNA synthesis (rRNA) takes place

30
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Contains nuclear pores that control passage of things in and out of the nucleus

31
Q

Ribosome

A

Synthesize proteins

32
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Contains many ribosomes. Function is production of proteins

33
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Few ribosomes. Can have many functions, depending on the cell it’s in. Some are: synthesis of lipids, storage of (Ca)2+, and detoxification.

34
Q

Separates DNA fragments by size

A

Electrophoresis

35
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages and distributes molecules throughout the cell or out of the cell. Like a post office, except it can modify proteins too.

36
Q

Lysosomes

A

“Clean-up crew” of the cell. Contains enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of macromolecules

37
Q

Vacuoles

A

Variety of functions. Three types of vacuoles: central vacuoles (plants), contractile vacuole (some protists), and storage vacuoles.

38
Q

Phospholipid

A

Glycerol and 2 fatty acids. Fatty acid are non polar and phosphate is polar. It spontaneously forms a bilayer.

39
Q

Where would you expect to find proteins responsible for the electron transport system of aerobic respiration?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

40
Q

Mitochondria

A

Have their own DNA that comes from the mother. “Power house” of cell. Location of cellular respiration

41
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll, thylakoid, grana. It is the location of photosynthesis.

42
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells. The support system of the cell.

43
Q

Gametes that have only 1 set of chromsomes

A

Haploid

44
Q

Organization of Life

A

Ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organs, tissues, cells

45
Q

Gametes that have 2 sets of chromsomes

A

Diploid

46
Q

Who worked with pea plants to promote gene inheritance among offspring?

A

Mendel bub

47
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water = light energy > glucose + oxygen

48
Q

Threadlike sturcture of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

A

Chromosome

49
Q

What is the ultimate fate of oxygen gas (O2) in cellular respiration?

A

It is converted to water.

50
Q

Best describes energy flow in biological systems as described in the text?

A

NAD+ -> NADH -> ADP -> ATP

51
Q

What are insoluble to water? Ex: fats, oils, waxes

A

Lipid

52
Q

ROYGBIV?

A

Visible light spectrums. Stands for red, orange, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

53
Q

Chromosomes that contain both paternal and maternal copies.

A

Homologous

54
Q

What are normal genes that become oncogenes when mutated?

A

Proto-oncogenes

55
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of living things?

A
  1. Composed of cells 2. Complex and ordered 3. Respond to their environment 4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce 5. Obtain and use energy 6. Maintain internal balance 7. Allow for evolutionary adaption
56
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of motion

57
Q

Meiosis

A

Always a part of sexual reproduction. Reduction division. Goes through 2 rounds of division. Production of gametes.

58
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Process by which a cell, which has previously replicated each of its chromosomes, then separates the chromosomes in the cell nucleus into two identical sets.

59
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A reproductive cell having the haploid number of chromosomes, especially a mature sperm or egg capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex to produce the fertilized egg.

60
Q

What are the three points of the cell theory?

A

All organisms are composed of cells. Cells are the smallest living things. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

61
Q

NADH

A

An abbreviation for the reduced form of NAD In electron transport reactions.

62
Q

NAD+

A

The oxidized form of NAD.

63
Q

How are NADH and FADH2 related?

A

They both contain high energy electrons.

64
Q

What most directly supplies the energy for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP

65
Q

What supplies the electrons for oxidative phisphorylation?

A

NADH and FADH2

66
Q

How does cellular respiration differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Only Eukaryotes use mitochondria

67
Q

What type of chemical reaction must occur for electrons to flow from one molecule to the next and supply the energy for metabolism?

A

Reduction / oxidation

68
Q

Positively charged particles in an atom Located in nucleus

A

Proton

69
Q

Neutral particles in an atom Located in nucleus

A

Neutrons

70
Q

Negatively charged particles in atoms Located in orbitals surrounding the nucleus

A

Electrons

BIO 150/51 (5 decks)

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