Multi hazard Flashcards
causes of earthquakes?
island arc, near subduction zone, philippies-oceanic plate and eurasian plate meet.
fault lines lead to frictional lock,potential energy,kinetic energy, earthquakes
earthquake example?
1990, magnitude 7.8 on Luzon island
impacts of earthquake?
social - 1500 dead
economic - infrastructure/businesses damaged. businesses closed for 6 months, GNI fell by 2% in next 2 years
political - concern over building saftey brought in new regulatio, especially regarding liquefaction as two coastal villages sunk into sea
management of earthquake?
height of sea walls around urban area of luzon island increased
new plan to prevent building on soil vulnerable to liquefaction
adaptation to earthquake?
improved warning and evacuation plans, especially to coastal areas vulnerable to tsunamis
causes of volcanic hazards?
24 active volcanoes
island arc, volcanoes due to nuclear decay of elements in mantle, causes convection currents, cause frictional drag, moving philippines-oceanic plate towards the eurasian continental plate. Intense friction from plates causes rock to melt, more bouyant, rises to surface to form volcanoes.
lava type?
acidic type called dacite, it has high viscosity, means will flow slowly, so pressure builds up and more explosive eruptions
example of volcanic eruption?
mount pinatubo 1991
impacts of volcanic eruption?
social - 700 dead 200,000 homeless
economic - $700 million including $100 million aircraft and $250 million property
environmental - 20 million tonnes of ash and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. sulphate areosols formed which cooled global temperatures by 0.5 degrees for 4 years
political - changed national political agenda, greater investment in productive management
management of volcanic eruption?
dependant on outside agencies such as red cross and USA
30km exclusion zone was set up, which saved 20,000 lives.
causes of typhoons?
warm tropical water over 26.5 degrees heats up in late summer, hence Haiyan in 2013
7,000 islands near water which is 70m deep, will evaporate and cool and condense to form tropical storms
5-20 degrees north of the equator, Coriolis effect, storms spin at high speeds.
intense low air pressure causes storm surges such as the one at Tacloban city, which was 4m high
example of tropical storm?
super typhoon Haiyan 2013, 4th largest tropical storm ever recorded
impacts of tropical storm?
social - 7,500 deaths, 6 million displaced, 1.2 million homeless, effected 9 million people
economic - $2.9 billion, 71,000 hectares of farmland, 130,000 tonnes of rice lost
environmental - oil spills/leaks salinisation of soil, plastic pollution, great pacific garbage patch
political - late response, dependant on NGO’s put pressure on benigno Aquino
management of tropical storm?
government declared “state of national calamity”
more needed to be done to mitigate and adapt to tropical storms
build back better, new defence walls built around the coastal edge of Tacloban city.
2% of national budget of 2014 spent on improvements
UN admitted response was low amid reports of thirst and hunger among survivors.
