Chapter 3

Question 1

“Representation of a system” to be bought into being, or to analyze a system in already inbeing.

Answer 1

Model

Question 2

Are designed to represent a system under study, by an idealized example of reality, to explain the essential relationship involved.

Answer 2

Models

Question 3

Models can be classified by distinguishing:

Answer 3

Physical
Analogue
Schematic
Mathematical

Question 4

Are geometric equivalents, either a miniatures, enlargements, or duplicate made to the same scale.

Answer 4

Physical Models

Ex. Globe

Question 5

Comes from the Greek word analogia

Answer 5

Analogue Models

Question 6

Analogia means __

Answer 6

Proportion

Question 7

Thus model focuses on the similarity in relations

Answer 7

Analogue Models

Example: analogue computers use electronic components to model power distribution systems, chemical processes, and dynamic loading structures.

Question 8

It is represented by symbols in the computer program and not by the physical structure of the computer components.

Answer 8

Analogue Models

Question 9

It is developed by reducing a state or event to a chart or diagram.

Answer 9

Schematic Models

Question 10

A common schematic model. It is a representation of the state of formal relationship existing between various members of the organization

Answer 10

Organization chart

Question 11

A schematic model that describe the order or occurrence of several events that constitute an object, such as the assembly of an automobile from a multitude of components parts

Answer 11

Flow process chart

Question 12

It employ the language of mathematics and, like other models, may be a description an then an explanation of the system it represents.

Answer 12

Mathematical Models

Question 13

Although its symbols may be more difficult to comprehend than verbal symbols, they do provide a much higher degree of abstraction and precision in their application.

Answer 13

Mathematical Models

Ex. Boyle’s law, ohm’s law, and newton’s laws of motion

Question 14

Is an important part of the systems engineering and analysis

Answer 14

Decision evaluation

Question 15

Is needed as a basis for choosing among the alternatives that arise during the activities of system design, as well as for optimizing system already in operation.

Answer 15

Evaluation

Question 16

A course of action or strategy that may be chosen by the decision maker.

Answer 16

Alternative

Question 17

An occurrence or a situation over which the decision maker has little or no control.

Answer 17

State of Nature

Question 18

The benefit which occurs from a given combination of decision alternative and state of nature.

Answer 18

Payoff

Question 19

Is designed for situations which ideas, feelings, and emotions affecting the decision process are quantified to provide a numeric scale for prioritizing the alternatives.

Answer 19

AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)

Question 20

_______the payoffs associated with each decision alternative are describe by probability distribution. For this reason, decision making ______ can be based on the expected value criterion, which decision alternatives are compared based on the maximization of expected profit or the minimization of the expected cost.

Answer 20

Under conditions of risk

Under risk

Question 21

The expected value criterion seeks the maximization of expected (average) profit or the minimization of expected cost. The data of the problem assumes that the payoff (or cost) associated with each decision alternative is probabilistic.

Answer 21

Decision Tree-Based expected value criterion

Question 22

Considers simple decision situations with a finite number of decision alternatives and explicit payoff matrices.

Answer 22

Decision Tree Analysis

Question 23

Issues relating to the expected value criterion. The first issue deals with ________ and second is _____

Answer 23

-Determination of posterior probabilities based in experimentation
-utility versus the actual value of money

Question 24

The probabilities used in the expected value criterion are usually determined from historical data. In some cases, these probabilities can be adjusted using additional information based on ____ or _____. The resulting probabilities are refered to as ________, as opposed to the prior probabilities determined from raw data.

Answer 24

Sampling, experimentation

Posterior (Baye’s) probabilities