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GCSE REVISION > BIO P1 > Flashcards

BIO P1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that contains a nucleus

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2
Q

Name 2 features of a prokaryotic cell

A

Doesn’t contain a nucleus
Smaller than a eukaryotic cell

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3
Q

describe 3 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and mitochondria
Prokaryotic cells contain plasmids (loop DNA)

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4
Q

Describe the function of ribosomes

A

Proteinsynthesis

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5
Q

Describe the location and function of mitochondria

A

Found in the cytoplasm, site of aerobic respiration

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6
Q

Describe 3 differences between plant and animal cells

A

Plant cells have a permanent vacuole, a cell wall and chloroplasts

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7
Q

What structures keep plant cells rigid?

A

Permanent vacuole
Cell wall

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8
Q

Describe the function of chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis
Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) which absorbs light

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9
Q

Describe the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls what substances enter and leave the cell

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10
Q

Describe an advantage of an electron microscope over a light microscope

A

It has a higher magnification
It has a higher resolution

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11
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

A measurement of how a concentration of a substance changes from one place to another

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12
Q

What is a passive process?

A

No additional energy is needed
It occurs naturally

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13
Q

Define the term diffusion

A

Movement of particles from a higher concentration to a low concentration

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14
Q

Name the adaptations alveoli has to help diffusion

A

Large surface area
Moist membranes
Lining is one cell thick
Rich blood supply

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15
Q

Explain why diffusion in insects is so small

A

Maximum size of insects is determined by how quickly oxygen can quickly diffuse into their cells

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16
Q

Define the term osmosis

A

Water moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across a partially permeable membrane

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17
Q

Define the term partially permeable membrane

A

Only allows substances of a certain size through

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18
Q

What is meant by isotonic

A

Two solutions have the same concentrations across a partially permeable membrane so there is no overall movement of water

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19
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration using energy

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20
Q

Where does active transport happen in humans

A

Absorption of sugar by the small intestine after a low carbohydrate meal

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21
Q

Where does active transport occur in plants

A

Uptake of minerals by root hair cells

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22
Q

Describe the role of the small intestine

A

Absorbs small food molecules

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23
Q

Describe bile and its 2 functions

A

Green liquid produced by liver released into small intestine
Emulsifies fats
Neutralises hydrochloric acids from stomach

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24
Q

Describe two functions of stomach acid

A

Provides optimum pH for protease enzymes to work
Kills pathogens

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25
Q

Describe the function of the large intestines

A

Absorbs water

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26
Q

Describe peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contracting and relaxing of muscles lining the digestive system

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27
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Stomach and pancreas

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28
Q

Where is carbohydrase produced?

A

Salivary glands and pancreas

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29
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Pancreas

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30
Q

Describe the location of the villi and its function

A

Lines the small intestine
Massively increase surface area of small intestine to increase absorption of food molecules

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31
Q

Describe the role of the vena cava

A

The blood vessel that carries blood from the body to the heart

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32
Q

Describe the role of the pulmonary artery

A

Carries blood from the heart to the lungs

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33
Q

Describe the role of the aorta

A

Blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body

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34
Q

Describe the role of the coronary artery

A

Carries oxygenated blood to hear muscle cells

35
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells found?

A

Right atrium

36
Q

Why is the heart a double pump?

A

Right side pumps blood to the lungs and left side of the body pumps blood all around the body

37
Q

Name the features of arteries

A

Carries blood from the heart
Muscular
Carries blood at high pressure

38
Q

Name the features of veins

A

Thin
Carries blood to the heart
One-way valves
Carries blood at low pressure

39
Q

Describe haemoglobin and what it does

A

Found in red blood cells
Binds with oxygen to make oxyhaemoglobin

40
Q

Describe the adaptations of red blood cells

A

No nucleus to allow more room for haemoglobin
Contains haemoglobin
Biconave shape gives a high surface area to volume ratio

41
Q

Describe the feature of capillaries

A

Very small, 1 cell thick
allows oxygen to diffuse from the blood into cells and allows carbon dioxide to go the other way

42
Q

Name a process that involves the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes

A

Gas exchange

43
Q

Name waste substances in our blood

A

Urea
Carbon dioxide

44
Q

Name the two types of white blood cell

A

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes

45
Q

Explain the cause of C(oronary) H(eart) D(isease)

A

Build up of fatty material inside the coronary arteries narrowing them and preventing blood flowing to the heart

46
Q

Describe how stents work

A

Mesh device that keeps the coronary arteries open

47
Q

Describe how statins work

A

Drug that reduces the rate at which fatty material is deposited into the coronary arteries

48
Q

Describe the role of an artificial pacemaker

A

Creates electrical impulses to ensure a regular heart beat

49
Q

Describe a benign tumour

A

A non-cancerous tumour that doesn’t spread throughout the body

50
Q

Describe a malignant tumour

A

A cancerous tumour that spreads throughout the body

51
Q

Describe the epidermis and its function

A

Outer layer of 1 cell thickness that protects against water loss

52
Q

Describe the location and function of palisade mesophyll

A

Found under the epidermis
Major site of photosynthesis
Contains palisade cells densely packed with chloroplasts

53
Q

Describe the role of the xylem

A

Allows water to flow from roots to leaves

54
Q

Describe the meristem and its location

A

Plant tissue where stem cells are made and growth happens
Found in shoot tips and root tips

55
Q

Describe the location and function of guard cells

A

Under the surface of the leaf
Controls the opening and closing of the stomata

56
Q

What factors increase the rate of transpiration?

A

Low humidity
High temperature
Windy
High light intesity

57
Q

When might the stomata of a plant be open?

A

During the day
Constant evaporation of water pulls up water
water is needed in the leaf for photosynthesis

58
Q

Name a viral disease in humans and plants

A

Humans- measles, HIV
Plants- T(obacco) M(osaic) V(irus)

59
Q

Name a bacterial disease that is sexually transmitted

A

Gonorrhoea

60
Q

State the symptoms of salmonella and how the spread can be prevented

A

Fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps
Vaccinating poultry, cooking food thoroughly, preparing food in hygienic conditions

61
Q

State the first 4 lines of defence

A

Skin
Hairs in nose
Cita in airways
Stomach acid

62
Q

Describe the function of phagocytes

A

Engulfs pathogens
non-specific

63
Q

Describe the function of lymphocytes

A

Produces antibodies to clump together pathogens
Antibodies are specific to the antigen present on the pathogen

64
Q

Describe antitoxins and their function

A

Special type of antibody made by lymphocytes that neutralise toxins produced by pathogens

65
Q

Describe a vaccine

A

A small amount of a dead or inactive pathogen that is injected into the body

66
Q

What type of energy change is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic

67
Q

What type of energy is absorbed in photosynthesis?

A

Light energy

68
Q

Name the reactants in photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water

69
Q

Name the products in photosynthesis

A

Glucose + oxygen

70
Q

In which cell does photosynthesis mostly happen?

A

Palisade cell

71
Q

Explain how water gets into a plant

A

Osmosis in the root hair cells

72
Q

Explain how water is transported from the roots to the leaves

A

Through the xylem vessels by transpiration

73
Q

Explain how glucose is transported around the plant

A

Through the phloem tissue by translocation

74
Q

Name the use of glucose in plants

A

Respiration
Conversion to starch
Conversion to oils
To make cellulose
Use with nitrates to make proteins

75
Q

What kind of energy change is respiration?

A

Exothermic

76
Q

Name the reactants in aerobic respirations

A

Oxygen + glucose

77
Q

Name the products in aerobic respiration

A

Carbon dioxide + water

78
Q

Name the reactants in anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Lactic acid

79
Q

Explain how the body responds to exercise

A

Deeper breathing
Heartbeat increases to deliver oxygen and glucose to the muscles faster

80
Q

Explain how the body responds to vigorous exercise

A

Muscles run out of oxygen and begin to respire anaerobically
Build up of lactic acid causes the muscle to cramp and fatigue

81
Q

Why do you keep breathing deeply after vigorous exercise?

A

You have oxygen debt

82
Q

Name the products of anaerobic respiration in plants

A

Carbon dioxide + ethanol

83
Q

Describe fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration by microorganisms such as yeast

84
Q

Name useful products from fermentation

A

Alcoholic beverages
Bread

GCSE REVISION (8 decks)

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