Attachment

Question 1

Caregiver-infant interactions-
Feldman and Edelman (2007)

Answer 1

Found mothers responded to theirs babies two thirds of the time.

Question 2

Caregiver-infant interactions-
Brazelton (1975)

Answer 2

Describes that active involvement was a ‘dance’ because each partner responds to the others movements

Question 3

Caregiver-infant interactions-
Feldman (2007) (IS)

Answer 3

Decided that interactional y synchrony can be defied as ‘the temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behaviours’

Question 4

Caregiver-infant interactions-
Meltzoff and Moore (1977)

Answer 4

Observed the beginnings of interactional synchrony in babies asa young as two weeks old.

Question 5

Caregiver-infant interactions-
Isabella (1989)

Answer 5

Observed 30 mothers and babies together and assessed the degrees of synchrony along with the quality of mothers infant attachment. High levels of synchrony were associated with high levels of mother-infant attachment.

Question 6

Caregiver-infant interactions-
Feldman (2012)

Answer 6

Stated that a synchrony, and therefore reciprocity, simply gives names to patterns of behaviour. They can be reliably observed, but may not be useful in understanding child development.

Question 7

Schaffers stages of attachment-
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 7

Involved 60 babies: 31 boys and 29 girls (From skilled working class families). Researchers visited every month for a year, then again at 18 months.
Asked about the king of protest the infants showers in 7 everyday separations, (adult leaving the room). Aimed to measure babies attachments.
Identified four distinct stages of attachment, within the development.

Question 8

The role of the father-
Grossman (2002)

Answer 8

Longitudinal study, infants attachments were studied into their teens. Looked at both parents behaviour, and its relationship between the quality of the infants later attachment.
Quality of attachments with mothers was more important when deciding future attachments. Suggested fathers attachment was less important.
He found that the quality of fathers play was more important in how their attachment developed.

Question 9

The role of the father-
Field (1978)

Answer 9

Filmed 4 month old babies in face-to-face interactions with primary caregiver mothers, secondary caregiver fathers, primary caregiver fathers.
Primary caregiver fathers, like primary caregiver mothers, spent more time smiling, cooing, and holding babies that’s secondary caregiver fathrs. (All part of reciprocity and interactional synchrony)

Question 10

The role of the father-
McCallum and Golombok (2004)

Answer 10

Showed children of single parent households, and lesbian parent households, do not develop differently than children in two parent heterosexual households.

Question 11

Animal studies of attachment-
Lorenz (1952)

Answer 11

Researched geese. Randomly divided a large clutch of goose eggs, half were hatched with the mother (and the mother was the first thing that they saw), the other half was hatched in an incubator (and Lorenz was the first thing that they saw).
When the control group and the experimental group were mixed, each group followed their perspective parental figure.

Question 12

Animal studies of attachment-
Lorenz (1952) (SI)

Answer 12

Studies a peacock who was raised with giant tortoises, and later in life the peacock only showed courting behaviours to giant tortoises, not other peacocks

Question 13

Animal studies of attachment- H-
Harlow (1958)

Answer 13

Used 16 baby monkeys. There were two model mothers. Two conditions: in condition 1, the wire mother fed the babies, in condition 2 the cloth mother fed the monkeys.
The babies preferred the cloth mother over the wire mother and sought the comfort when they were scared.

Question 14

Animal studies of attachment- H-
Harlow (1958) (MDiA)

Answer 14

Found that maternal deprivation had a permanent effect the monkeys were more aggressive and less sociable.

Question 15

Animal studies of attachment- L-
Regolin and Vallortigara (1995)

Answer 15

Used a similar study with chicks, chicks were shown an combination of different shapes, the chicks followed the first one most closely

Question 16

Animal studies of attachment- H-
Howe (1998)

Answer 16

Used Harlows research to help social workers and clinical psychologists. Found the poor effects of maternal deprivation on the monkeys.

Question 17

EoA- learning theory-
Dollard and Miller (1950)

Answer 17

Created the learning theory of attachment.

Question 18

EoA- learning theory-
Sears (1957)

Answer 18

Suggested that, as caregivers supply food, the primary drive if hunger becomes generalised to them. Attachment is the secondary drive, learned by association between the caregiver and the satisfaction of the primary drive.

Question 19

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
Bowlbys (1988)

Answer 19

Created Bowlbys monotropic theory

Question 20

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 20

A significant minority of infants formed multiple attachments at the same time. The primary caregiver has a stronger effect, not a different effect.

Question 21

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
Brazelton (1975)

Answer 21

Observed babies trigger interactions with adults using social releasers. The caregivers were then asked to ignore their infants. They became increasingly distressed, and some eventually curdled up and lay motionless.

Question 22

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
Bailey (2007)

Answer 22

Assessed attachment relationships in 99 mothers, and their 1 year old infants. The researchers measured the mothers attachments with their own primary caregiver. They found that if the mother had a poor attachment with their own primary caregiver, then her attachment with her infant was also poor.

Question 23

Types of attachment-
Ainsworth (1970)

Answer 23

Assessed in a controlled environment five behaviours: proximity seeking, exploration and secure-based behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, and response to reunion.
The seven steps:
Explore, stranger comes in, caregiver leaves, caregiver returns and stranger leaves, caregiver leaves, stranger returns, caregiver returns.
Findings:
Secure= 60-75%
Insecure-avoidant= 20-25%
Insecure-resistant= around 3%

Question 24

Types of attachment-
McCormick (2016)

Answer 24

Secure tend to have better outcomes than others, both in their childhood and adult hood. Better achievement in schools, and less involved in bullying.

Question 25

Types of attachment-
Ward (2006)

Answer 25

Securely attached baby’s tender to have better mental health.

Question 26

Types of attachment-
Bick (2012)

Answer 26

Assessed the inter-rather reliability of the strange situation, found 94% agreement between observers on babies attachment type.

Question 27

Types of attachment-
Takahashi (1986)

Answer 27

Majority of Japanese’s infants were classed as insecure-resistant. This is de to culture differences.

Question 28

Cultural variations in attachment-
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)

Answer 28

Used 32 studied of the strange situation, from 8 different countries. The results were combined and analysed together.
There was a variation in proportion of different attachment types. In all countries, secure was the highest proportion of attachment type. (75% in Britain and 50% in china). In individualistic cultures, the rates of insecure resistant where similar to Ainsworth original sample. (All under 14%). This was not true in collectivist cultures (china, japan and Israel), were above 25%.
Variation was 150% higher within countries than between them.

Question 29

Cultural variations in attachment-
Simonelli (2014) (Italian study)

Answer 29

Used 76 babies, found 50% secure, 36% insecure avoidant. This is a higher rate of insecure avoidant than in other studies. This is said to be because of how mother go back to work early after giving birth.

Question 30

Cultural variations in attachment-
Jin (2012) (Korean study)

Answer 30

Assessed 87 babies. Overall proportions were the same as other countries, with most being secure. More were insecure resistant than insecure avoidant (only one was avoidant). This is similar to patterns found din Japan

Question 31

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
Bowlby (1953)

Answer 31

Created the theory of maternal deprivation.

Question 32

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
Bowlby (1944)

Answer 32

Bowlbys 44 thieves study.
Used 44 criminal teenagers, these teens were interviewed for affectionless psychopathy (lack of affection, lack of guilt, and lack of empathy). Asked the thieves if they has any prolonged separations form their mothers. He also used a control group of 44 emotionally-disturbed young people.
14/44 thieves could be classed as AP. 12 of these had experienced prolonged separation. Only 5 of the remaining 30 thieves had experienced prolonged separation.

Question 33

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
Goldfarb (1943)

Answer 33

Looked into the development of deprived children in wartime orphanages. This tidy has problems with confounding variables, because the children had experienced early trauma, and also prolonged separation from their mothers.

Question 34

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
Rutter (1981)

Answer 34

He drew an important distinction between deprivation and privation. Stated that BOeblys 44 thieves ruddy the children probably differed from privation not deprivation.

Question 35

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
Koluchova (1976)

Answer 35

Researched into the Czech twins, these twins experiences emotional and physical abound form the ages if 18 months to 7 years. With proper after care, they made a full recovery.

Question 36

Romanian orphan studies-
Rutter (2011)

Answer 36

Followed 165 Romanian orphans, in the ERA study. They were assessed at ages: 4, 6, 11, 15, and 23 to 25. 53 children form the UK were used as control group.
Children showed different rates of recovery, based on the ages that they were adopted at.
Mean IQ:
Before 6 months=102
6m - 2y= 86
After 2 years= 77
The difference remained at age 16. ADHD was common.
Children often displayed a disinhibited attachment.

Question 37

Romanian orphan studies-
Zeamah (2005)

Answer 37

Conducted the BEI (Bucharest early development intervention). Looked at 95 Romanian orphans, aged 12 to 31 months. Compared to a control group of 50 children.
Used the strange situation. They were asked about unusual social behaviour.
74% of the control group were securely attached, only 19% of the institutionalised group was securely attached.
20% disinhibited attachment in the control gone up and 44% in the institutionalised group.

Question 38

Romanian orphan studies-
Langton (2006)

Answer 38

Romanian orphan studies have helped to improve and prevent th worst case long term affected from occurring.

Question 39

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
Bowlby (1969)

Answer 39

Primary caregiver shows a mental representation of the relationship.

Question 40

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
Kems (1994)

Answer 40

Securely attached babies tend to have the best quality childhood friendships, whereas insecure attached baby’s have m friendship difficulties.

Question 41

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
Smith (1998)

Answer 41

196 children, aged 7-11
Assessed bullying involvement related to different attachment types. Found: securely attached were least likely to be involved in bullying, insecure-avoidant were most likely to victims, and insecure-resistant wer most likely to be bullies.

Question 42

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
Shaver (1987)

Answer 42

The love quiz.
Analysed 620 replies to ‘a love quiz’, within an American local newspaper.
The first part assessed the recipients most important relationship. The second was general love experience, such as number of partners. The third was attachment types.
Findings:
56% were securely attached,
25% insecure-avoidant
19% insecure resistant.
Secure attached were more likely to have long term relationships.
Avoided the tented to reveal jealousy.

Question 43

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
McCarthy (1999)

Answer 43

Studied 40 adult women, who had bee assessed when their babies, to find their early attachment type. Those assessed as secure had the best adult relationships. Insecure-resistant had particular problems maintaining relationships, those who were classed as insecure-avoidant had trouble maintaining romantic relationships.
CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

Question 44

Influence of early attachment on later development-
Bailey (2007)

Answer 44

Looked at the attachments of 99 mothers, they also considered the attachments that they had with their own babies.
This was assessed the mothers and child’s relationship using the strange situation.
They assessed the relationship between the mother and their mother using an adult attachment interview.
The majority had the same attachment type with their mothers as with their children.

Question 45

Influence of early attachment on later development-
Fearon and Roisman (2017)

Answer 45

Early attachment consistently predicts later attachment, emotional well being, and attachment to their wine children.
Insecure avoidant attachment seems to convey fairly mild disadvantages.
Disorganised attachment is strongly associated with later magentas disorder.