8.1 Mutations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a point/gene mutation?

A

change in DNA base sequence
changes the amino acid sequence
changes primary structure
changes tertiary structure
changes the function

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2
Q

When does a point mutation occur?

A

during DNA replication in interphase

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3
Q

What increases the chance of mutations?

A

mutagens

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4
Q

Why are mutations a good thing?

A

important for an organism to live through natural selection
the population can evolve

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5
Q

What is a chromosome mutation?

A

a change in the number of chromosomes - extra/less

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6
Q

When does a chromosome mutation occur?

A

during meiosis in anaphase 1 or 2

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7
Q

What are all the different types of point mutations?

A

substitution
insertion
deletion
duplication
inversion
transloaction

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8
Q

What is substitution mutation?

A

only 1 amino acid is changed in the sequence

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9
Q

Why does a substitution reaction have little effect?

A

degenerate code - can code for the same amino acid so its a silent mutation

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10
Q

What is insertion mutation?

A

adding an extra base to the sequence

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11
Q

What is a frameshift?

A

every codon downstream of the mutation will change so potentially every amino acid downstream of the mutation will change

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12
Q

What is deletion mutation?

A

removal of a base

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13
Q

What is duplication mutation?

A

the base that came before is copied and inserted

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14
Q

What is inversion mutation?

A

a group of bases becomes separated from the DNA and rejoin in reverse order

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15
Q

What is translocation mutation?

A

bases are separated from DNA sequence and one chromosome is inserted in a different chromosome

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16
Q

What 3 types of mutation cause a frameshift?

A

insertion
deletion
duplication

17
Q

What are the 2 results from chromosome mutations?

A

polysomy or polyploidy

18
Q

What does polysomy mean?

A

occurs when 1 homo pairs fail to separate in the process of non-disjunction = 22 pairs

19
Q

What does polyploidy mean?

A

all homo pairs have failed to seperate and end up in the gametes

20
Q

What does non-disjunction result in?

A

the gamete has one more or one less chromosome

21
Q

When does a whole change in a set of chromosomes occur?

A

when an organism has 3 or more sets of chromosomes rather than 2

22
Q

What is hybridisation?

A

the combining of genes of different varieties or species of organism to produce a hybrid

23
Q

What is triploid?

A

3 sets of chromosomes

24
Q

What causes down-syndrome?

A

a tripsomy 21 gamete

25
Q

What is monosomy?

A

1 set of chromosomes

26
Q

When does production of gametes occur in a female?

A

when a featusn and continues each month

27
Q

What type of female gamete is most likely to experience non-disjunction?

A

older gametes

28
Q

What are mutagens?

A

any outside factor that increases the rate of mutation

29
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

mutagens that cause cancer

30
Q

What are examples of physical mutagens?

A

ionisinf radiation
x-rays
alpha and beta particles

31
Q

How do physical mutagens work?

A

breaks the polypeptide chain in DNA

32
Q

What are examples of biological mutagens?

A

viruses
benzopyrene in tobacco smoke

33
Q

How does a virus work as a mutagen?

A

injects viral material and disrupts DNA bases