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emt > Final Exam study guide pt.1 > Flashcards

Final Exam study guide pt.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

normal vitals for each age group

A

Newborn, P: 100-170, RR: 30-60, BP: 50-70
Infant, (birth-1 year) P: 90-160, RR: 30-60, BP: 90
Toddler, (12-36months)P: 80-140, RR: 24-40, BP:90+
Preschoolers, (3-5) P: 70-120, RR: 22-34, BP:90+
school age, (6-12)P: 65-120, RR: 18-30, BP:90+
adolescence (13-18), P: 60-100, RR: 12-20, BP: 107-117
Adult, (19-61+)P: 60-100, RR: 12-20, BP: Less than or equal to 120

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2
Q

patient positioning and when would you use each

A

Prone: face down and it helps with respiratory distress
Supine: lying on the back, this is used for procedures or physical exams
Recovery (lateral recumbent): patient lying on either left or right side, used for any unconscious trauma patient for mouth drainage.
Fowler: a sitting position, usually used when transporting and putting a patient on a stretcher

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3
Q

2 types of stroke s/s?

A

Ischemic stroke: Certain trouble speaking, confusion, trouble walking, loss of balance coordination, severe headache with no cause.
Hemorrhagic stroke.: Weakness of one side of the body, or paralysis of one side of the body, seizures, sensitivity to light.

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4
Q

What is a TIA

A

This stands for a transient ischemic attack or mini stroke. The symptoms are very similar to stroke. but doesn’t cause permitted damage.

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5
Q

What is DCAP-BTLS

A

Used when performing a head to toe Or focused physical exam:
Deformities
Contusions
Abrasions
Punctures
Burns
Tenderness
Lacerations
Swelling

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6
Q

A deep cut or tear into skin exposes skin tissue and or muscle

A

Laceration
treatment:
1. direct pressure over a dressing (do not pull apart edged of a laceration)
2. bandage dressing in place using wound closure strips
3. place a gauze dressing and bandage over the laceration where wound strips were applied

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7
Q

A scratch or scrape

A

Abrasion
treatment: keep area clean and apply gauze also reduce wound contamination

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8
Q

Then tearing away or tearing off of a piece of flap or skin or other soft tissue.

A

Avulsion
Treatment:
1. clean wound surface of gross contaminants (only)
2. Fold skin back into normal position
3. control bleeding and dress the wound with bulky dressing

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9
Q

A surgical cut made in skin or in flesh

A

Incision

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10
Q

Surgical removal or traumatic severing of a body part

A

Amputation
treatment:
1. Apply direct pressure and then use a tourniquet if direct pressure fails or not possible
2. wrap amputated part in sterile dressing secure dressing with self-adhesive gauze bandage
3. Wrap or bag amputated part in a plastic bag keep it cool by using cold packs (do not immerse part in ice water or salin)

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11
Q

An intestine or other internal organ protruding through a wound in the abdomen

A

evisceration
treatment:
1. cut away clothing from the wound
2. soak a sterile dressing with sterile saline
3. place moist dressing over wound
4. apply occlusive dressing over the moist dressing if protocols recommend cover dressed wound to maintain warmth. Secure the covering with tape or cravats tied above and below the position of the exposed organ

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12
Q

routes of exposure

A

inhalation, ingestion absorption, injection

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13
Q

treatment of different chemical burns

A

Mixed or strong acids or unidentified substances: play safe and continue washing even after the patient claims the patient is no longer experiencing pain
Dry lime: brush off the lime then use water once the lime has been brushed off the body
Carbolic acid(phenol): use alcohol for initial wash of unbroken skin, followed by a steady wash with water
Sulfuric Acid: still wash with water rather than leave on skin
Hydrofluoric acid: flood with water do not delay care or transport to find neutralizing agents
Inhaled vapors: provide high concentration oxygen transport as soon as possible

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14
Q

hyper and hypoglycemia, treatment?

A

hyperglycemia is high blood sugar treatment short acting insulin
Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar treatment would be eating or drinking something with sugar in it or if indicated oral glucose

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15
Q

type 1 and 2 diabetes

A

diabetes is a condition when your blood glucose is to high
type1: pancreas creates little to no insulin
type2: body has a hard time controlling blood sugar and using it for energy

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16
Q

s/s of respiratory distress treatment

A

visibly short of breath
speaking 3-4 word sentences
increasing anxiety
Treatment: nonrebreather 10-15l/min

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17
Q

s/s of respiratory failure treatment?

A

spo2 lower than 95%, shallow ventilations, patient has some breathing but not enough to live
treatment: pocket mask or bag valve mask

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18
Q

what is respiratory arrest, treatment?

A

When the patient is not breathing at all
treatment: pocket face mask or bag valve mask 10-12/min for adult 12-20.min for infant or child

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19
Q

The supplier of oxygen tool and removal from the body cells and tissue was as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries

A

perfusion

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20
Q

The body’s inability to adequately Circulate blood to the body cells and has a problem with oxygen and nutrients.

A

hypoperfusion

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21
Q

Shock resulting from blood or fluid loss.

A

Hypovolemic shock.

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22
Q

shock resulting from blood loss

A

Hemorrhagic shock.

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23
Q

Shock or lack of fraction brought on not by blood loss, but by the hearts inadequate pumping action often the result of an MI or CHF.

A

cardiogenic

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24
Q

hypoperfusion due to the lack of blood vessel tone, blood vessel dilation leads to decreased pressure within the circulatory system.

A

distributive shock

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25
Q

hypoperfusion caused by spinal cord injury that results in systemic vasodilation

A

neurogenic shock

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26
Q

shock when the flow of blood is locked

A

obstructive

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27
Q

compensated vs decompensated shock

A

Compensated is when shock is developing but the body is still able to maintain perfusion
Decompensated is when the body can no longer compensate for low blood volume or lack of perfusion

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28
Q

A professional telecommunicator tasked with the gathering of information related to medical emergencies.

A

EMD

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29
Q

A medical emergency that involves a transient disturbance in consciousness and cognition. signs and symptoms are unexpected physical strength, violence towards others, paranoia

A

excited delirium

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30
Q

When the patient has thoughts or experiences that seem out of touch with reality

A

schizophrenia
s/s: Hallucination, amnesia, mental confusion, paranoia, fear, incoherent speech

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31
Q

high energy injuries to the femur

A

Midshaft femur fracture
s/s: inability to stand or walk, bone pushing through the skin, bruising swelling

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32
Q

s/s of anterior hip dislocation

A

the patient’s entire lower limb is rotated outward, and the hips are usually flexed

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33
Q

S/S of posterior hip dislocation

A

the patient’s lower leg is rotated inward, the hip is flexed, and knees are bent. patient is unable to lift foot or flex toes

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34
Q

treating a musculoskeletal injury

A
  1. take and maintain appropriate standard precautions
  2. perform primary assessment
  3. during secondary assessment apply cervical collar if you suspect spinal injury
  4. after life threatening conditions have been addressed, splint fractures
    5.cover wounds with sterile dressing, elevate the extremity and apply a cold pack to the area to reduce swelling
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35
Q

the significance of a femur and pelvic fracture

A

femur fractures cause 2-pint blood loss while pelvic fractures cause 3-4 pints of blood loss also it sometimes can be hard to tell a fractured pelvis from an upper femur fracture

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36
Q

how does a fracture affect the growth of a bone in peds

A

since their bones are more flexible, they break easier, also in fractures you lose blood and if there is not enough blood circulation it can lead to deformity and stunted growth of that bone

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37
Q

s/s of pneumothorax, tension, spontaneous and hemothorax

A

pnuemo: air in the chest cavity
Tension: buildup of air puts pressure on the heart and vena cava causing shock
spontaneous: lung collapses without any obvious cause
Hemo: the chest cavity fills with blood
Hemo pnuemo: chest cavity fills with air and blood
s/s: Respiratory difficulty, uneven chest wall movement, reduction or absence of breath sounds
tension specifically: signs of hypoxia and cyanosis, indications of shock, distended neck veins unless hypovolemic, tracheal deviation to uninjured side
hemo specifically: coughed up frothy red blood

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38
Q

How do we treat chest pain

A

chewable baby aspirin 162-324 mg

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39
Q

Dizziness and a drop in blood pressure caused when the mother is in a supine position and the weight of the uterus, infant, placenta and amniotic fluid compresses the inferior vena cava

A

Supine hypotensive syndrome (vena cava compression syndrome)
Treatment: lay mother on the left recumbent side a pillow or rolled blanket should be placed behind the back to maintain position (if the patient is in cardiac arrest and can’t be moved manually and gently displace the uterus by pulling it toward the patients left side

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40
Q

a medical condition that causes seizures

A

epilepsy

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41
Q

what are the different types of seizures

A

Partial: affects only one part or one side of the brain
types of partial: complex partial (patient appears to be drunk or on drugs). simple partial(stiffining and tingling in one part of the body).
Generalized: affects both sides of the brain
Types of generalized: Absence (no dramatic motor activity instead temporary loss of consciousness and awareness. Tonic-clonic (patient loses consciousness and has jerking movement of paired muscle groups)

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42
Q

inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

A

meningitis
s/s: nuchal rigidity (neck stiffness), photophobia (sensitivity to light)

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43
Q

A headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation on one side of the head

A

Migrane

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44
Q

the use of positive pressure to force air or oxygen into the lungs

A

positive pressure ventilation or artificial ventilation

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45
Q

When should you use a NRB over BVM

A

NRB when the patient shows signs of respiratory distress but can manage their airway and is consciousness
Use a BVM when the patient cannot manage their own airway

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46
Q

BVM usage scenario

A

15L/min cannot manage their own airway
ex: RR:8/min SPO2:86% and unresponsive

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47
Q

Nasal canula when to use and scenario

A

Use a nasal canula when the patient RR and SPO2 are not far off from normal readings
Ex:(1-6L/min) RR: 22/min, SPO2: 92% W:3-4

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48
Q

NRB usage and scenario

A

10-15L/min Ex: RR:26 SPO2: 90% W:1-2

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49
Q

An irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm

A

Atrial fibrilation

50
Q

When an EMT acts with proper care and concern

A

due regard

51
Q

4 abdominal quadrants and what organs are in each

A

RUQ: right portion of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small portion of the stomach, duodenum, part of small intestine
RLQ: appendix, part of the small intestine right ureter, and right half of the female reproductive system
LUQ: left portion of liver, larger portion of the stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, part of small intestine
LLQ: Large intestine, left ureter, left female reproductive system

52
Q

A dressing that is used to form an airtight seal when caring for wounds to the abdomen, for external bleeding from large neck veins and for open wounds to the chest

A

occlusive dressing

53
Q

The record you produce during a call

A

PCR prehospital care report

54
Q

A burn that only includes the epidermis, characterized by reddening of the skin and perhaps some swelling

A

superficial burn or first-degree burn

55
Q

A burn in which the epidermis is burned through, and the dermis is damaged. this burn causes reddening, blistering and molted appearance

A

Partial thickness or second-degree burn

56
Q

a burn in which all the layers of the skin are damaged. usually, charred areas black or dry areas that are dry and white

A

Full thickness burns or third-degree burn

57
Q

treating thermal burns

A
  1. stop the burn
  2. Ensure open airway assess breathing
  3. Look for signs of airway injury
  4. complete primary assessment
  5. treat for shock
  6. do not clear debris remove clothing and jewelry
  7. wrap with sterile dressing
58
Q

s/s of smoke inhalation

A

Shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, chest pain headache, trouble speaking

59
Q

A method for estimating the extent of a burn. The palm and fingers of the patient’s own hand, which make up about 1% of the body’s surface area, are compared with the patient’s burn to estimate its size.

A

rule of palm

60
Q

A method for estimating the extent of a burn for an adult. Each of the following areas represents 9% of the body’s surface. The head and neck, each upper extremity, the chest, the abdomen, the upper back, the lower back and buttocks. The front of each lower extremely and the back of each low extremity. The remaining 1% is assigned to the genital region.

A

rule of nines

61
Q

What is CHF s/s?

A

congestive heart failure
s/s: JVD dyspnea, tachycardia

62
Q

A condition when a patients airway becomes inflamed, narrow and swell, produces extra mucus which makes it harder to breath

A

Asthma (Bronchial Asthma)

63
Q

The result of an infection by any one of a number of different microbes.

A

pneumonia

64
Q

A class of drugs that affects the nervous system and changes many normal body activities

A

Opioids

65
Q

treatment for overdose

A
  1. perform primary assessment
  2. treat for shock
    perform physical exam
  3. protect patient from self-injury and injury to others
    transport ASAP
  4. perform reassessment
  5. continue to reassure the patient throughout course of care
66
Q

A brain injury or another medical condition that can cause growing pressure inside your skull

A

ICP (Intercranial pressure)
s/s headache, blurred vision, vomiting, lack of energy or sleepiness

67
Q

A command organization in which a single agency controls all resources and operations

A

Single incident command

68
Q

command organization in which several agencies work independently but cooperatively

A

unified command

69
Q

A subset of NIMS designed specifically for management of MCI’s

A

(ICS) Incident Command System

70
Q

a bacterial infection that mainly infects the lungs

A

tuberculosis
s/s: chronic cough or with blood and swollen lymph nodes

71
Q

abnormally low RBC’S in the circulation due to SCD

A

Sickle cell anemia, types of issues that result from this is their hemoglobin is an abnormal structure which leads to blood clots, acute chest syndrome

72
Q

irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestines. This causes diarrhea, vomiting and nausea.

A

Gastroenteritis (stomach flu)

73
Q

inflammation of the pancreas

A

pancreatitis

74
Q

inflammation of the appendix

A

appendicitis
S/S: nausea and sometimes vomiting, initial pain in the umbilicus, followed by persistent pain in the RLQ

75
Q

When do you use CPAP

A

You can use CPAP when there are indications of COPD, Asthma and Respiratory distress, Pulmonary Edema and drowning

76
Q

What is the compression rate for CPR

A

100-120/min

77
Q

A_issue is usually the cause of cardiac arrest in peds

A

steady decompensation

78
Q

what is the usual cause for cardiac arrest in adults?

A

Acute coronary syndrome

79
Q

what order do we use an AED

A
  1. Verify patient is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless
  2. provider 1 gives chest compressions while provider 2 readies aed
  3. Turn on AED
  4. Bare and prep chest, attach pads
  5. clear patient for analysis when prompted by AED
80
Q

What do we do after shock from the AED

A
  1. Verbally clear and press shock button
  2. immediately perform CPR
  3. If no ROSC analyze and shock again if indicated
  4. Immediately resume CPR. Repeat analyzation and shock two times if indicated
  5. If no ROSC, prepare for transport follow protocol
81
Q

When to recheck pulse during CPR

A

If prompted by AED or if ROSC occurs

82
Q

When an injury to the heart causes blood to flow into the surrounding pericardial sac and to compress the heart

A

cardiac tamponade
s/s: distended neck veins, very weak pulse, hypotension, steadily decreasing pulse pressure

83
Q

Fracture of two or more adjacent ribs, and two or more places that allow for free movement of the fractured segment

A

flail chest

84
Q

Movement of the ribs in a flail segment that is opposite to the direction of movement of the direction of movement of the rest of the chest wall

A

Paradoxical motion

85
Q

A hole in the muscle layers of the abdominal wall, allowing tissues usually intestines to protrude up against the skin

A

Hernia

86
Q

A bruise on the lungs caused by chest trauma

A

pulmonary contusion

87
Q

bruise of the heart muscle caused by blunt chest trauma

A

cardiac contusion or myocardial contusion

88
Q

When should a patient need full spinal immobilization?

A

blunt trauma, spinal tenderness or pain, altered level of consciousness

89
Q

Ballooning or weakening of the wall of the aorta as it passes through the abdomen

A

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
S/S: sharp or tearing pain that radiates to the back

90
Q

6 Branches of EMS in a large MCI

A

Extrication strike teams (in cases of entrapment)
Staging area
Triage area
Treatment area
Transportation Area
Rehabilitation area

91
Q

What is the different lung sounds what do they indicate?

A

Wheezes: High-pitched sounds, common in asthma and sometimes COPD (chronic bronchitis and emphysema)
Crackles: a fine crackling or bubbling sound heard on inspiration, indicates fluid in the alveoli or the opening of closed alveoli
Rhonchi: lower pitched sound that resemble snoring and rattling, can indicate pneumonia or bronchitis
Stridor: high pitched sound heard on inspiration, indicates partial obstruction of the trachea or larynx

92
Q

Vertebrae of the spinal column

A

Cervical: neck has seven vertebrae
Thoracic: ribs and upper back has 12
vertebrae
Lumbar: Lower back has 5 vertebrae
Sacral: back wall of pelvis has 5 vertebrae
Coccyx: Tailbone has 4 vertebrae

93
Q

collarbone

A

clavicle

94
Q

shoulder blade

A

Scapula

95
Q

bone of the upper arm between shoulder and elbow

A

Humerus

96
Q

lateral bone of forearm

A

radius

97
Q

medial bone of forearm

A

ulna

98
Q

Superior and widest portion of the pelvis on both sides of the pelvis (wing shaped)

A

Ilium

99
Q

lower posterior portion of the pelvis

A

Ischium

100
Q

Medial anterior portion of pelvis

A

Pubis

101
Q

Long bone of thigh

A

Femur

102
Q

medial and anterior larger bone of the lower leg

A

Tibia

103
Q

Lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

A

fibula

104
Q

kneecap

A

patella

105
Q

bony structure of the head

A

Skull

106
Q

top and back sides of the skull

A

Cranium

107
Q

lower jawbone

A

Mandible

108
Q

Two fused bones forming the upper jaw

A

Maxillae

109
Q

Bones that compromise the nasal cavity

A

Nasal Bones

110
Q

The bony structures around the eyes orb

A

Orbits

111
Q

Bones that form the structure of teeth

A

zygomatic arches

112
Q

breastbone

A

sternum

113
Q

superior portion of sternum

A

Manubrium

114
Q

Inferior portion of sternum

A

Xiphoid process

115
Q

Heel bone

A

Calcaneus

116
Q

Bony protrusions seen on ankle joints

A

Malleolus

117
Q

S/S of suicide what situations increase risk

A
  1. Depression
  2. High current or recent stress levels
  3. Age the most is between ages 15-25 and over age 40
  4. Alcohol and drug abuse
  5. threats of suicide
  6. Suicide plan
  7. Previous attempts or suicide threats
    8.Sudden improvement from depression
    Situations that increase risk are threats of suicide plan and previous attempts
118
Q

how to stimulate an infant?

A

stimulate by flicking soles of feet and /or rubbing the back

119
Q

signs that an infant is not getting enough oxygen

A

retractions

120
Q

sickle cell issues?

A
  1. Destruction of spleen: spleen becomes blocked by abnormal RBC’S during filtering
  2. Pain crisis: sludging of sickled RBCs in capillaries
  3. Acute chest syndrome: when blood vessels in the lungs become blocked
  4. Priapism: painful prolonged erections
  5. Stroke: occurs when sludging RBC’s block blood vessels that supply the brain
  6. Jaundice: liver get overwhelmed by the breakdowns of RBC’s results in yellow pigmentation of body tissues
121
Q

How to treat sickle cell anemia

A
  1. Administer supplemental oxygen
  2. Monitor patient with acute chest syndrome
  3. Monitor patients with high fever for hypoperfusion treat for shock if necessary
  4. Transport with acute stroke symptoms to designated stroke center

emt (31 decks)

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