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Pharm part 2 > 16. Bactericidal Antibiotics > Flashcards

16. Bactericidal Antibiotics Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Which are the bactericide antibiotics? (4)

A
  1. BETALACTAMS
  2. AMINOGLYCOSIDES
  3. QUINOLONES
  4. GLYCOPEPTIDES
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2
Q

What defines betalactams?

A

beta lactam ring

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3
Q

What is the therapuetic index of beta lactams?

A

wide: very safe

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4
Q

What is the toxicity of beta lactams?

A

low

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5
Q

What are the side effects of beta lactams? (4)

A

digestive system (most common orally):

  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • ab pain
  • dyspepsia
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6
Q

Teratogenicity with beta lactams?

A

none

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7
Q

MOA of beta lactams? (2)

A

inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis:

-inhibit transpeptidase activity of penicilin binding protiends (PBP)

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8
Q

What drugs are betalactams?

A
  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
  • monobactams
  • carbapenems
  • clavulanic acid
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9
Q

What is PBP? (2)

A

penicilin binding protein

-enz involved in synthesis of bacterial wall

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action for resistence for bacteria against betalactams? (3)

A
  1. INACTIVATION of the ANTIBIOTIC: producing BETA-LACTAMASES to bind to beta- lactams
  2. REDUCE UPTAKE INTO THE CELL: loss/modification of porins and pumps of influx or active efflux from the cells
  3. ALTERATION OF THE TARGET ENZYME: they produce enzymes (mutated PBP) with less affinity for beta-lactams
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11
Q

What can you do to a bacteria that starts producing beta lactamase inhibitors?

A

Prescribe beta lactamase inhibitors so that the antibiotic will work again
ex. clavulanic acid

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12
Q

How are betalactams administered? (2)

A

orally

parenterally

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13
Q

Do betalactams cross BBB?

A

yes

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14
Q

Distribution of betalactams?

A

good/wide distribution

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15
Q

Betalactams cross placenta?

A

yes but still safe

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16
Q

Betalactam metabolism?

A

remain active until eliminated

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17
Q

Beta lactam elimination?

A

renal

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18
Q

Betalactam short term adverse effects?

A
  • hypersensitivity reactions (urticaria, angioedema)
  • anaphylactic shock: bronchospasm, severe dyspneoa
  • GI intolerance: oral candida, diarrhea, nausea, vomit
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19
Q

Betalactam long term adverse effects?

A

Less frequent

  • Hematologic: fever, eosinophilia, haemolytic anaemia
  • Renal toxicity: Renal failure
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20
Q

What is angioedema?

A

swelling (usually localized) of the subcutaneous tissues due to increased vascular permeability and extravasation of intravascular fluid.

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21
Q

What mediates angioedema? (2)

A

Mast cell derived mediators (eg, histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins)
Bradykinin and complement-derived mediators

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22
Q

Who discovered pencilin?

Study These Flashcards
A

Alexander fleming

23
Q

The most commonly used betalactam antibiotics?

24
Q

What did alexander fleming find?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • penicilin

- substance released by Penicillum fungi inhibits S.aureus

25
How do bacteria defend themselves against penicillin?
penicillinase production (betalactamase)
26
What are the types of penicillins? (5)
1. natural penicillins 2. resistant to penicilinases 3. aminopenicillins 4. antipseduomonas (broad spectrum parenteral ) 5. betalactamase inhibitors
27
What are the natural penicillins? (4)
``` PENICILLIN G (IM, IV) PENICILLIN G PROCAINE (IM) ---long effect 4-5 days. PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE (IM)---long effect 26 days. PENICILLIN V (ORAL)---Resistant to acid degradation. ```
28
Natural penicillins work against which bacteria? (3)
- gram + cocci (EXCEPT S. aureus) | - gram + bacillus
29
What are the penicillinase resistant drugs? (2)
- CLOXACILLIN (ORAL, PARENTERAL) | - METHICILLIN
30
Penicillinase resistant drugs work against which bacteria?
staphylococcus
31
What are the aminopenicillins drugs?
- amoxicillin | - ampicillin
32
aminopenicillins drugs work against which bacteria? (@)
- GRAM + COCCI ( EXCEPT S. aureus) | - GRAM BACILLUS (EXCEPT Pseudomona)
33
What are the antipseudomonas drugs also called?
Broad spectrum penicillins
34
What are the antipseudomonas drugs? (2)
- piperacillin | - ticarillin
35
Antipseudomonal drugs work again which types of bacteria?
Gram negative bacillus
36
What are the betalactamase inhibitor drugs? (3)
- Clavulanic aicd - Sulbactam - tazobactam
37
Indications of penicillin? (8)
Respiratory infections: - pharyngitis - otitis - bronchitis in COPD Skin and Soft tissue infections: - cellulitis - erysipelas Bone and joint infections STDs Endocarditis
38
What bacteria causes pharyngitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes
39
How do you treat pharyngitis? (2)
Penicillin G or amoxicillin
40
What bacteria causes otitis?
- Streptococcus pneumoniae - H. influenzae - produce betalactamases
41
How do you treat otitis?
amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
42
What bacteria causes bronchitis in COPD? (2)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae - H. influenzae - produce betalactamases
43
How do you treat bronchitis in COPD?
amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
44
What bacteria causes cellulitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes
45
What bacterial causes erysipelas?
S. aureus
46
How do you treat cellulitis?
amoxicillin
47
How do you treat erysipelas? (2)
- amoxicillin-clavulanic | - cloxacillin
48
What bacteria causes bone and joint inflammation?
S. aureus
49
What bacteria causes STDs? (2)
gonorrhea and syphilis
50
What bacteria causes causes endocarditis? (3)
-Streptococcus viridans -Staphylococcus aureus -Enterococcus
51
How do you treat bone and joint infections? (2)
Cloxacillin+ Gentamicin
52
How do you treat STDs?
penicillin G
53
How do you treat endocarditis? (4)
-Streptococcus viridans = amoxicillin -Staphylococcus aureus = cloxacillin -Enterococcus = Ampicillin+Gentamicin
54
Which specific bacteria is rsponsible for more than 50% of endocarditis?
streptococcus viridans

Pharm part 2 (7 decks)

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