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Biology > 1.6 CELL DIVISION > Flashcards

1.6 CELL DIVISION Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotic cells divide by?

A

Binary Fission

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2
Q

eukaryotic cells divide by?

A

Mitosis

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3
Q

Mitosis is needed for

A

Growth

Assexual reproduction

Tissue repair

Embryonic development

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4
Q

Cell Cycle

A

the series of events through which cells pass to divide and create two identical daughter cells

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5
Q

Interphase

A

DNa replication

Organelle duplication → for twin daughter cells

Cell growth → cytoplasmic volumen must increase

Transcription/translation

Obtain nutrients →vital cellular materials must be present

Respiration → ATP production is needed

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6
Q

G1

A

Increase the volume of cytoplasm

Rapid protein synthesis to allow cell growth

Organelles produced

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7
Q

S

A

DNA replication takes place

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8
Q

G2

A

Increase the volume of cytoplasm

Protein synthesis to produce proteins needed for cell division

Organelles produced

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9
Q

Prophase

A

DNA supercoils → chromatins condense

Nucelar membrane desitegrates

Spindle fibres start to form

Centrioles move to opposite poles

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10
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibres bind to centromere

Sister chromatids are aligned at the equatorial plate

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11
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids are separated

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12
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membrane start to reform at each pole

Spindle fibres disintegrate

Cell elongates in preparation of cytokinesis

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13
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cells

A
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14
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A
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15
Q

Mitotic index

A

a measure of the proliferation status of a cell population

MI = cells in mitosis / total number of cells

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16
Q

Cell Cyclins

A

a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle

17
Q

G1 phase

A

Cyclin D levels gradually increase

assembles proteins for DNA replication

18
Q

S phase

A

Cyclin E activates DNA replication

19
Q

G2 phase

A

Cyclin S promotes progression through the cycle

20
Q

Mitosis

A

Cyclin B initiates mitosis

21
Q

Tumorigenesis

A

the formation of a tumor

22
Q

Tumour

A

mass of cells that divide uncontrollably

23
Q

Malignant tumours

A

cancerous growth that is often resistant to treatment

It may spread to other parts of the body

24
Q

Benign tumour

A

usually localised and does not spread to other partos of the body

respond well to treatment

25
Q

metastasis

A

when a primary tumor detaches form its original location and moves into another

primary tumor → secondary tumour

26
Q

Mutagens

A

agents that cause gene mutations

potentially causes cancer

27
Q

examples of mutagens

A

high energy radiation
short-wave ultraviolet light
some viruses
chemicals taht cause mutations (carcinongens)

28
Q

Mutation in a oncogene

A

causes a malfunction in the control of the cell cycle → uncontrolled cell division → tumour formation

29
Q

oncogene

A

a gene which in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.

Biology (21 decks)

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