16. Introduction to Abdomen Flashcards
Identify the different part of the surface anatomy of the abdominen.
A. Rectus abdominis m
B. abdominal oblique muscles: external oblique, internal oblique, transversus oblique
upper black line: costal margin
lower black line: inguinal ligaments
blue: semilunar lines
white: linea alba
orange: transverse intersection
Identify the quadrants of the abdominal surface.
defined by umbilicus, costal margin and inguinal ligaments:
upper right quadrant
upper left quadrant
lower right quadrant
lower left quadrant
Identify the various regions of the abdominal surface.
defined by: costal margins, inguinal ligaments
- midclavicular line (vertical)
- 2 horizontal lines: subcostal (transpyloric) plane L1 and transtubercular plane L5 (between tubercles of ilium)
12 regions:
Bottom: left & right inguinal region, pubic region
Middle row: umbilica region, left & right lumbar region
Upper row: epigastric region, left & right hypochondriac region (hypochondriac: below cartilage or ribs)
What muscle is this? What is its function? What sheat does it contribute to?
EXTERNAL oblique: does ipsilateral hip rotation, contralateral trunk rotation
- attaches onto linea alba
- contributes ONLY to anterior rectus sheat (external oblique aponeurosis)
Identify the various strucutres.
- upper arrow: rectus abdominis: what atenrios and posterior rectus sheat surround
- lower arrow: transversus abdominis: contributes to posterior rectus sheat until arcuate line
- red: tendinous intersections
- green: arcuate line: where everything dumps into anterior rectus sheat
Which rectus sheat does the internal oblique muscle contribute to?
both anterior and posterior rectus sheat (anterior through the internal oblique aponeurosis)
Identify the structures and their function.
A. transversalis fascia (sticks fat to peritoneum)
B. extraperitoneal fat
C. peritoneum (parietal layer): encases abdominal organ and allows abdominen to expand without friction
Identify the various structures.
- blue: parietal peritoneum (layer against abdominal wall)
- purple: visceral peritoneum (against gut)
- green: messentary: double layer of peritoneum and fat in which vessels travel through
- upper arrow: intraperitoneal
- lower arrow: retroperitonealposterior to parietal peritoneum
Where do gonads start from? What do they start as?
start in upper abdominen and start as retroperitoneal organs anchored to skin (that will become scrotum or labia major) via gubernaculum
In people with testes, what does the gubernaculum become?
ligament of the scrotum
Identify tghe various structures (male).
A. ductus deferens (roadmap for inguinal canal)
B. gubernaculum (that becomes ligament of scrotum that attaches into inside of scrotum)
C. scrotum
D. spermatic cord
In GENERAL, explain the growth of the scrotum
as fetus grows, abdominen grows but gubernaculum doesn’t => pulls testes down
-the gubernaculum will shrink to become the ligament of the scrotum which further pulls down the testes and out of the body
Identify the various structures (female).
upper arrow: gubernaculum
2nd arrow: ligament of ovary (attaches ovary to uterus)
3rd arrow: round ligament of uterus (roadmap to inguinal canal)
4th arrow: labia major
How does the growth of the ovaries differ from the testes?
unlike the testes, when signalling occurs, everything stays in place and the gubernculum becomes the ligament of ovary and round ligament of the uterus.
What are the layers that surround the testes? What forms the inguinal canal?Explain.
The testes drag layers of the anterolateral wall which forms the inguinal canal and coverings of spermatic cord.
- Layers: (from sueperficial to deep):
- skin
- subcutaneous tissue
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transversalis fascia
- peritoneum
- deep inguinal ring: where everything funnels in
- superficial inguinal ring (at pubic bone): where evrything drops into scrotum
- space between 2 rings: INGUINAL CANAL = space in abdominal wall where testes travels through
What travels through the spermatic cord?
arteris, veins and ductus deferens
What forms the inguinal ligament?
(inguinal ligament is only tendon that attaches from asis to pubic tubercle) formed by external oblique
What travels through the inguinal canal?
spermatic cord
What is found under the inguinal ligament (what travels deep to it)?
femoral artery, vein and nerve
Where does the inguinal canal situate itself?
halfway between anterior iliac spine and pubic tubercle
What are the borders of the inguinal canal? (posterior wall, roof, floor, anterior wall)
- posterior wall: transversalis fascia
- roof: transversus abdominis and internal oblique m
- floor: inguinal ligament
- anterior wall: external oblique aponeurosis
T/F: the transversus abdominis contributes to spermatic cord.
F: it does not
What does the transversalis fascia become?
it becomes the internal spermatic fascia once it goes on spermatic chord
What muscle is found on the spermatic chord? What is its function?
cremaster muscle: retracts scrotum for thermoregulation
