Final Review Flashcards
TorF: viruses can only replicate in the nucleus
false, can also replicate in cytoplasm
During the lytic cycle, ribosomes are responsible for
translating viral info into proteins
a _____ initiates the continuation of the lytic cycle by exiting the bacterial chromosome
prophage
The ____ immune response has a quicker response than ___
innate quicker than adaptive
Goblet cells are part of ____ immunity and produce
innate
mucus
Neutrophils ___ while macrophages ____
trap, engulf
Natural killer cells are part of the ___ immune system and
innate
circulate through the body and
detect the abnormal surface proteins found on some
virus-infected and cancerous
cells. Natural killer cells do not
engulf stricken cells. Instead,
they release chemicals that lead
to cell death, inhibiting spread
of the virus or cancer.
The local inflammatory response begins when
activated macrophages discharge cytokines, signaling molecules that recruit neutrophils to the site of injury or infection. In addition,
mast cells release histamine at sites
of damage.
When histamine is released by mast cells during the local inflammatory response, it
triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, resulting in redness and increased skin temperature
Describe the middle of the local inflammatory response.
Activated complement proteins..
Enhanced blood flow to the site….
resulting in…
cycles of signaling and response continue inflammation.
Activated complement proteins promote further histamine release, attracting more phagocytic cells to
the site of injury and infection
enhanced blood flow to the site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides
accumulation of pus
A given lymphocyte will contain ___ type of antigen receptor
one
An epitope is
an accessible portion of an antigen that binds to a lymphocyte’s antigen receptor
The MHC molecule can best be defined as
The host protein that displays
the antigen fragment on the cell surface for a T cell receptor to bind to
basically T cells need someone to present to them, B cells can bind to fragments or epitopes of antigens
Compare B cell effector cells to T cell effector forms
B cell: plasma cells which secrete antibodies
T cell: helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
Compare the humoral immune response and cell-mediated immune response, both of which are part of ___ immunity
adaptive
The humoral immune response pro-
tects the blood and lymph through antibodies which help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in body fluids.
In the cell-mediated
immune response, specialized T cells destroy infected host
cells.
Like immune cells, infected cells can display foreign
antigens on their surface. What then distinguishes antigen-
presenting cells from infected cells?
Most body cells
have only the class I MHC molecules, but antigen-presenting
cells have both class I and class II MHC molecules. The class
II molecules provide a molecular signature by which an
antigen-presenting cell is recognized
To become active, cytotoxic T cells require
signals from helper T cells and interaction with an antigen-presenting cell
CD8 cells are responsible for ___
while CD4 cells are responsible for___
CD8 checks for infection in nucleated cells presented by MHC 1 complexes
CD4 is presented with phagocytosed pathogens from APCs
Compare MHC1 to MHC2
MHC I - a complex that is present on the surface of ALL nucleated cells in mammals. Nucleated cells are required to present samples of the proteins they are producing in their MHC I complexes. This presentation allows our cells to be checked for infection by CD8 T cells.
● MHC II - a complex that is only present on phagocytic cells, which are also referred to as APCs or “professional antigen
presenting cells”. APCʼs travel throughout the lymphatic system presenting samples of the
pathogens they have phagocytosed to CD4 T cells
There is a high Ca2+ contant in
ECM, mitochondria, and ER
Polypeptides are ___ soluble, Steroids are ____ soluble, amines are ___
polypeptides are water soluble
steroids are lipid soluble
amines are both
Tropic hormones affect… and non tropic affect ….
tropic: affect endocrine glands
non tropic: non endocrine glands
As blood Ca2+ falls, the Parathyroid gland…
releases PTH, which stimulates calcium reuptake
MSH is released by the ____ pituitary and responsible for
anterior pituitary
hunger, metabolism, color
MPF is made up of ___ and _____
cyclin and CDK
When does cyclin concentration increase?
before each checkpoint so it can form MPF with CDK
