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history > Attitudes to Women > Flashcards

Attitudes to Women Flashcards

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1
Q

In what way was sexual equality enshrined in the Weimar Constitution and what number was the article?

A

Article 109. Both men and women could vote. Guaranteed rights to equal education. Equal pay in professions.

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2
Q

How many female deputies in the Reichstag were there by 1926?

A

32

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3
Q

What was the legal status of abortion and contraception in the Weimar Republic?

A

Illegal

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4
Q

What was the BDF?

A

An influential women’s group. Campaigned for women in ‘nurturing professions’ eg teaching.

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5
Q

How many members did the BDF have by 1929?

A

9,000

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6
Q

What did the KDK campaign against?

A

Right wing, saw birth control, Americanisation and female emancipation as cultural decadence. Conservative values predominantly held in rural areas.

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7
Q

Who was Anita Berber?

A

Example of New Woman, known to take drugs eg cocaine.

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8
Q

Why were conservatives fearful of new women?

A

They blurred the line between femininity and masculinity. Seemed to be able to undercut male dominance.

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9
Q

What did the World League of Sexual Reform campaign for?

A

Sexual freedom, more accessible divorce, easier access to contraception.

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10
Q

Who was Marianne Weber?

A

Chair of the BDF

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11
Q

Which force regulated prostitution?

A

The Morals Police Forces. Although prostitution was legal, there were strict regulations and convicted women could be forced to work in brothels or live in gated streets.

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12
Q

How many Brothels were closed in Hamburg in 1920?

A

114

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13
Q

What were the new female social workers called?

A

Care Officers, established by 1924 across Germany to help rehabilitate women and protect vulnerable women from taking up sex work.

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14
Q

What and when was the Brehmen Morality Scandal?

A

1926, book publicised showing the abuse of Morals Police towards prostitutes.

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15
Q

When was prostitution decriminalised?

A
  1. Prostitutes could no longer be punished but were eligible for care from Care Officers.
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16
Q

What roles did the Nazis see as belonging to women?

A

To carry Aryan race, to fulfil nurturing roles eg cooking, economic role (80% of shopping), no political role, to be sexually attractive but natural. Kiner, Kuche, Kirche.

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17
Q

How much were the loans offered to young married women who left work?

A

Introduced 1923, 600 Reichsmark (interest free)

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18
Q

What policies were introduced to increase birth rates in the Nazi period?

A

Increased family allowances, increased maternity benefits, anti-abortion laws more tightly enforced, propeganda to glorify mothers.

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19
Q

What was the award for mothers?

A

The Mother’s Cross, in bronze, silver and gold introduced 1938

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20
Q

How many mother schools were there by 1936?

A

150, including curriculum eg cooking, clothes making, shopping tips and racial biology.

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21
Q

Which group of women had a fall in birth rates?

A

Farm labourers, Reich Entail Farm Law meant they were working the longest hours

22
Q

What was the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage and when was it passed?

A

1933, provided 1,000RM loan to newly weds with 1/4 written off for every child born.

23
Q

What were conditions for SS wives following 1936?

A

Himmler said SS officers could only marry women who had completed a course at a Reich Bride School.

24
Q

What was the lebensborn programme and when was it established?

A

Created 1935, a place where racially pure women would be cared for with their babies. Provided female sexual partners for the SS. During the war, children with Aryan features were abducted nd placed in care in the Lebensborn.

25
Q

What did the ABC of National Socialism 1933 set out about women?

A

Should be natural, refusing drink/ smoking, dress in German style and have a chidlbearing body.

26
Q

What was the Bureau for Beauty?

A

Some ANzis rejected ideal Hitler maiden. Instead, published beauty advice eg how to achieve features through use of cosmetics eg face shape. Salons remained open until 1943.

27
Q

By December 1933, how many women were serving prison sentences for prostitution in Hamburg?

A

Over 1500

28
Q

What happened to ‘sexually deviant’ women in Nazi Germany?

A

Classed as morally delinquent, work shy etc and Morals Police could therefore deny them from access to welfare or health survaces on the basis of being good for the race.

29
Q

When was the first all female death camp established and were?

A

1939, Ravensbruck

30
Q

How much did the proportion of women involved on farms increase by during the war?

A

From 55% to 67%

31
Q

From which year did governments provide crèches and pay incentives to encourage women to work in industry?

A

1942

32
Q

What nurturing roles did women fulfill during the war?

A

Enlisted as air raid wardens, mobilised in bombed areas to look after orphans and set up field kitchens.

33
Q

How were foreign women treated?

A

Russian and Polish women employed in factories and homes. Not Aryan and therefore discouraged from having children. No rights to brea or access to crèches. Death rates in their infants as high as 90%.

34
Q

What were female colonists?

A

Sent to inhabit the Lebensraum gained eg 200,000 German settlers in Poland. Set up new territories and fulfilled roles such as teachers and nurses.

35
Q

How did women separate from their husbands?

A

They informed on them to the SS, saying they were guilty of political crimes.

36
Q

When did Himmler issue orders that allowed women to be sent to concentration camps for a year?

A

1940

37
Q

How much did female employment actually rise by from 1933-39?

A

2.4 million as they were cheap to employ

38
Q

When were women conscripted into the work force?

A

1943

39
Q

what percentage of the Bundestag representatives were women in 1972?

A

5.8%

40
Q

What percentage of the Bundestag representatives were women in 1987?

A

15.4%

41
Q

How were women in work treated immediately following the war?

A

Although in 1949 the Basic Law established men and women as equal, the emphasis was on male employment. Many, however, refused to give up their jobs.

42
Q

How much did the percentage of women in the work force increase by due to labour shortages during the economic miracle?

A

45% in 1950 to 50% in 1970

43
Q

What percentage of women were teachers, and what percentage were principals?

A

50% and less than 20%

44
Q

In the 1970s, what percentage on average were women getting paid compared to men?

A

Around 70%

45
Q

How much did the divorce rate increase by from 1960 to 1990?

A

By 74,000

46
Q

Which article in the Basic Law criminalised abortion?

A

218

47
Q

In 1971, how man aborigines were estimated to be taking place annually?

A

1 million

48
Q

When was the Indication Law introduced?

A

1976, allowed abortion in the first 12 weeks based on social circumstances or medical conditions (previously failed to pass a law under Brandt). Didn’t please feminists or CDU/CSU members.

49
Q

When did the feminist movement develop?

A

The 1960s

50
Q

What did feminists campaign for?

A

Real equality, as despite the Basic Law, equality was not experienced in actuality. Also, wanted oral contraception and abortion to be accessible. Published radical magazines eg Emma. Although, feminists goals varied.

history (7 decks)

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