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APA Final Flashcards

1
Q

what are four aging theories

A
  1. evolutionary theories of living and longevity
  2. programmed theories
  3. damage theories
  4. beyond molecular biology of aging
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2
Q

what are the three categories of damage theories

A

individual mechanisms
general formulations
stress-induced premature senescence

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3
Q

what is the aging process

A

proves occurring with the passage of time, leading to loss of adaptability or full function, and eventually to death

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4
Q

what are the two types of aging

A

pathogeric

eugeric

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5
Q

what is pathogeric aging

A

pathological aging

not a predestined part of aging

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6
Q

what is eugeric aging

A

‘true’ aging

age related changes that will happen to everyone, inevitable

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7
Q

what are the three aging loss of functional capacity

A
  1. disuse/ overuse (reduced physical activity)
  2. age-related causes
  3. disease
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8
Q

all the cells, organs and systems of the human body ____ at different rates and differently in each person

A

age

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9
Q

physiological and biomechanical changes due to aging

A

eugeric aging

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10
Q

what type of aging is arthritis

A

eugeric

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11
Q

what is arthritis [3]

A
  • disease causing pain and loss of movement of the joints
  • due to trauma or ‘wear and tear’
  • word arthritis means joint inflammation
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12
Q

what is the onset of osteoporosis

A
  • thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density over time
  • osteoporosis means bones that are hollow
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13
Q

what three parts of the neuron decrease nerve conduction velocity due to loss of

A

myelin
dendrites
neurotransmitters

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14
Q

what are the two acuity of senses that decrease with age

A

vision

hearing

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15
Q

what does aging affect in vision

A
  • glaucoma: increase in the internal pressure of the eye

- presbyopia: ability to see/accommodate nearby images clearly

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16
Q

what does aging affect in hearing

A
  • presbycusis: loss of hearing sensitivity due to degeneration of middle [ear drum] and inner ear
  • 30-75% of adults between 65 and 75 years og age have a hearing loss
  • may affect the ability to hear the nearby ringing of a telephone, but not low pitched sound of a truck rumbling down the street
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17
Q

what is glaucoma

A

increase in the internal pressure of the eye

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18
Q

what is presbyopia

A

ability to see/accommodate nearby images clearly

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19
Q

what is presbycusis

A

loss of hearing sensitivity due to degeneration of middle [ear drum] and inner ear

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20
Q

aging muscle, what change with age?

A

morphology of the muscle

overall functional strength

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21
Q

what is morphology of the muscle

A

cross sectional area
number of fibers
fiber type

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22
Q

what are the two types of skeletal muscle fibres

A

fast twitch [type 2]

slow twitch [type 1]

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23
Q

anaerobic exercises use ____ twitch fibres

A

fast

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24
Q

aerobic exercises use ____ twitch fibers

A

slow

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25
Q

what are the 6 roles of exercise in extending longevity

A
  • physical deterioration
  • increasing age
  • less exercise
  • further decrease in physical activity
  • decreased physical abilities
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26
Q

what is the role of skeletal muscle and exercise in extending longevity

A
  • of all the tissues, they are the most positively affected

- decreases in muscle mass can be slowed, and adequate blood supple is available

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27
Q

what is the role of bone and exercise in extending longevity

A
  • bones age primarily because of loss of mineral content - making bone weaker and more brittle
  • increasing bone density in early years decreases the risks associated with loss of mineral in later years [women]
  • EXERCISE GENERALLY CANNOT REVERSE THE PROCESS, BUT IT CAN SLOW IT DOWN
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28
Q

what is the role of joints and exercise in extending longevity

A
  • deterioration of cartilage & tendons elasticity
  • decrease in collagen causes cartilage fragmentation
  • synovial fluid thins and loses its hydraulic abilities
  • EXERCISE GENERALLY CANNOT REVERSE THE PROCESS, AND LIKELY IT CONTRIBUTES TO THE PROBLEMS
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29
Q

with exercise aerobic capacity increases - although with aging still ____

A

declines

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30
Q

exercise with aging affect cardiac output

A

increase stroke volume

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31
Q

exercise with aging affects the peripheral blood supply

A

increase efficiency of O2 supply and uptake and CO2 removal

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32
Q

what is the second most common progressive neurodenerative brain disorder after Alzheimer disease, that affects movement and other aspects of cognitive and perceptuo-motor functioning

A

Parkinson’s disease

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33
Q

what are 5 characteristics of Parkinson’s disease

A
  • forward tilt of trunk
  • reduced arm swing
  • shuffling gait with short steps
  • rigidity and trembling of extremities
  • rigidity and trembling of head
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34
Q

what is the history of Parkinson’s

A

an essay on shaking palsy by James Parkinson, London, England (1817)

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35
Q

what are the 6 risk factors

A
  • genetics
  • race
    -environment toxins
    -gender [ men 1.5x more likely]
  • jeopardized immune system
  • increasing age (most import factor)
    1-2% >65yrs
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36
Q

signs and symptoms of PD

A

gait and posture
shuffling gait
postural instability
loss of postural reflexes

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37
Q

what is a tremor

A

usually at rest, but it stops when grasping something

starts on one side (one hand)

38
Q

what is micrographia

A

small handwriting

39
Q

what disease has a mask like expression

A

PD

40
Q

what is brodykinisia

A

slowness in initiating and performing movements
affects the ability to perform daily activities
slowness chewing and swallowing

41
Q

what is rigidity

A

muscle tone increases in both flexor and extensor muscles providing a constant resistance to passive movements of joints

42
Q

what is brodykinisia and rigidity linked with

A

PD

43
Q

what are three additional signs of PD

A

dysfunctional of autonomic nervous system
depression
cognitive impairment

44
Q

what is dysfunction of autonomic nervous system

A

bladder dysfunction
gastrointestinal problems
excessive head and neck sweating

45
Q

what is depression

A

mild to moderate depression in 50% of PD patients

46
Q

what is cognitive impairment with PD

A

mild decline including impaired visual-spatial perception
problems in concentration
onset of dementia in 1/3 of the population

47
Q

what is the cause of PD

A

loss of dopamine producing cells in the brain, particularly dopamine-secreting neurons in the midbrain area called the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

48
Q

what is involved with a PD diagnosis

A
  • neurological examination
  • autopsy of the brain to find lewy bodies [trademark characteristics]
  • judgement of physicians
49
Q

what is involved with PD treatment

A
  • medications
  • diet
  • exercise, physical and speech therapy
  • surgery
50
Q

what three types of surgery for PD

A

cryothalamotomy
pallidotomy
deep brain stimulation

51
Q

test refers to

A

an examination or a standard procedure used to inquire about some domain of people

52
Q

what should a test produce

A

a score

53
Q

what are the three classes of tests

A

cognitive IQ
affective anxiety
psychomotor coordination

54
Q

what are the 4 steps in assessment process

A
  1. determine the purpose of assessment
  2. select appropriate instruments
  3. collect and treat data
  4. report/interpret results
55
Q

what do you do when determining the purpose

A

here, as a professional you have to keep in mind the scope of the assessment process undertaken

56
Q

what is an informal (qualitative) tool

A

a questionnaire

57
Q

what is a formal tool

A

movement assessment

- purpose: to identify the nature and the degree of movement impairment

58
Q

how to select an appropriate instrument

A

movement impairment, as inferred from the total impairment score ( TIS) OPERATIONALIZED as a combination of general motor abilities (manual dexterity) and fundamental movement skills (Catching, Throwing and Balance)

59
Q

how do you collect data

A
  • generally in formal tests, it involves following a protocol in a precise and methodical way
  • failing to follow the protocol has important implications for the validity of inferences
60
Q

what are the report tests

A

movement ABC test

61
Q

how do you report/interpret results

A 
example from MABC assessment test 
allows to infer different degree of movement proficiency 
-< 5th %ile 
- 5th to 10 %tile 
- 10th-15th %ile
62
Q

what are the six purposes of assessment

A 
to screen [determine potential]
diagnosis [presence/degree of a problem]
place [ treatment/instruction] 
aid in research [sampling/baseline]
determine progress [intervention]
to compare [against the norm/criteria]
63
Q

who wrote the nature and control of postural adaptations of boys with and without developmental coordination disorder

A

Eryk Przysucha
Jane Taylor
Douglas Weber

64
Q

a school- based movement program for children with motor learning difficulty

A

to determine progress (interventions)

65
Q

what are the three compare against criteria

A
  • persons score compared to desired level of mastery
  • leads to ‘yes/no’ and ‘pass/fail’ conclusions
  • fails to account for even subtle changes in different constraints and does not reveal adaptive behaviour
66
Q

what is also known as: accuracy, consistency and stability

A

reliability

67
Q

reliability is the degree to which:[3]

A
  • scores are consistent or repeatable
  • observed score is free of random/systematic measurement error
  • observed score matches the true score
68
Q

what is the classical true scare theory

A

measurement theory attempting to estimate to the degree to which a particular test or a score allows to infer one’s true capability

69
Q

observed score X= _______ + ________

A

true score (tau) + Error (E)

70
Q

what is the main assumption of the classical true-score theory

A
  • what we get (score) may not reflect the reality
  • true score can never be observed directly, but it can be estimated from the observed score
  • the smaller the error the closer we get at tapping (making inferences) about the reality
71
Q

how to estimate true score

A

randomly sample multiple observations from a pop. then the long run average of all observed scores will equal to the mean of pop.
consequently the true score is defined as the long run average of all the observed scores

72
Q

what is it called when you have someone re-examined over and over again will introduce____

A

learning effect

73
Q

can we estimate the true score from the observed score?

A

if you find out (estimate) the reliability of the test, and it turns out that it is high, then you can be confident that the score you get (observed score) resembles closely the true score/ability of the person (tau)
if error is low

74
Q

test-retest reliability is a ______ coefficient

A

reliability

75
Q

what is the test-retest reliability

A

used to assess the consistency of a measure from one time to another also referred to as STABILITY

76
Q

what are the conditions that need to be met in the test-retest approach

A
  • same person being tested
  • same observer / measure instrument
  • same location
  • repetition over a short period
77
Q

generally, a correlation of ___ represents a moderate reliability ____ good and ____ an excellent reliability, but this is context/field specific

A
  1. 7
  2. 8
  3. 9
78
Q

what does SEM stand for

A

standard error of measurement

79
Q

SEM= ____ ______ _____ _____

A

standard deviation across trials

80
Q

what does Sx represent

A

sample deviation of test scores

81
Q

what are the 4 causes of strokes

A

ischemic stroke
thrombotic stroke
intra-cranial hemorrhagic stroke
silent stroke

82
Q

what is a ischemic stroke

A

is caused by a moving blood clot, dislodged from other parts of the body

83
Q

what is a thrombotic stroke

A

is caused by atherosclerosis in a blood vessel

84
Q

what is intra-cranial hemorrhagic stroke

A

caused by the rupture of blood vessels in the brain, usually due to high blood pressure or aneurysm

85
Q

what is the silent stroke

A

usually caused with no identifiable outward symptoms, and can lead to a future stroke

86
Q

what are the three surgery for strokes

A

remove blood clot
repair blood vessels
plaque removal from carotid artery

87
Q

what are non-surgical techniques

A

carotid stenting
carotid angioplasty
coiling aneurysms

88
Q

brain stimulation

A

magnetic or direct current stimulation of the healthy hemisphere of the brain is a technique that can reduce the activity of overactive neurons. this may help restore balance in the brain after a stroke

89
Q

what is biofeedback

A

it is used to provide feedback to subjects as they perform a given activity. could be used to create awareness of muscle contractions that are impaired after a stroke.

90
Q

what are the four rehabs for strokes

A

brain stimulation
biofeedback
functional electrical stimulation
robotic devices

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