(17) Basal Ganglia

Question 1

putamen is seperated from the cuadate by the

Answer 1

internal capsule

Question 2

function of the dorsal basal ganglia (or somatic basal ganglia)

Answer 2

movement control

Question 3

function of the ventral (or limbic) basal ganglia

Answer 3

motivation, reward, and affect

Question 4

the putamen is confluent with

Answer 4

the head of the caudate

Question 5

what is at the rostral end of the tail of the caudate

Answer 5

amygdaloid nucleus

Question 6

what is the midbrain continuation of the internal capsule

Answer 6

cerebral peduncle

Question 7

what areas of the basal ganglia recieve axons from the substantia nigra to form DA terminals

Answer 7

head and tail of caudate and putamen

Question 8

specifically, what part of the substantia nigra contains the DA neurons

Answer 8

pars compacta

**pars reticulata is just a network of neurons

Question 9

the subthalamic nucleus is found above ___ and below ___

Answer 9

above the cerebral peduncle and below the thalamus

Question 10

What are the 2 main types of neurons in the basal ganglia and what type predominates?

Answer 10

A and SN or aspiny and spiny neurons
spiny predominate (95%)

Question 11

major difference between spiny and aspiny neruons

Answer 11

spiny have a long axon that leaves the basal ganglia while aspiny have a short axon that do not

spiny = projection neurons
aspiny = local circuit neurons

Question 12

All spiny neurons use the NT…

Answer 12

GABA

Question 13

How are the different subtypes of spiny neurons distinguished + 2 examples

Answer 13

type of neuropeptide they make

• ENK
• Substance P

Question 14

ENK spiny neurons project to…

Answer 14

external GP

Question 15

substance P spiny neurons project to

Answer 15

internal GP, para compacta > reticulata of the SN

Question 16

where are subtance P and ENK spiny neurons intermingled

Answer 16

putamen and caudate

Question 17

DA receptor type for ENK neurons

Answer 17

D2

Question 18

DA receptor type for Substance P neurons

Answer 18

D1

Question 19

function of striato-GPe

Answer 19

inhibit movement that conflicts with desired movement

**ENK

Question 20

function of striato-GPi

Answer 20

promite limb movement

**SP

Question 21

function of striato-SNr

Answer 21

promote eye movement

**SP

Question 22

function of striato-SNc

Answer 22

regulate DA neurons

**SP

Question 23

interneurons that are impervious to Huntington;s

Answer 23

somatostatin interneurons (and Cholinergic, and Calretinergic) = NOT paravalbuminergic

Question 24

larger internurons

Answer 24

cholinergic and parvalbuminergic

Question 25

What is the main NT for cholinergic interneurons

Answer 25

Ach

Question 26

What is the main NT for parvalbuminergic interneurons

Answer 26

GABA

Question 27

What is the main NT for somatostainergic interneurons

Answer 27

GABA and NO

Question 28

What is the main NT for calretinergic interneurons

Answer 28

GABA

Question 29

function of cholinergic interneurons

Answer 29

modulates peripheral nerves and opposes DA action

Question 30

function od parvalbuminergic interneurons

Answer 30

inhibits peripheral nerves and sharpens activity

Question 31

if there is insufficient DA (as in Parkinsons) inc or dec activity of cholinergic interneurons would help alleviate symptoms. why?

Answer 31

decrease bc cholinergic interneurons already oppose DA

Question 32

major neuron type in the globus pallidus

Answer 32

aspiny

Question 33

how are the dendrites of the aspiny neurons arranged in the globus pallidus?

Answer 33

in a vertical plane of the GP

Question 34

the GPe projects neurons to

Answer 34

subthalamic nucleius

Question 35

the GPi projects neurons to

Answer 35

ventral anterior and lateral nucleus of the thalamus

Question 36

What part of the cortex does the VL project to?

Answer 36

motor cortex (4)

Question 37

What part of the cortex does the VA project to

Answer 37

premotor (6)

Question 38

What are the 3 major imputs to the putamen/caudate?

Answer 38

1. cortex 2. intralaminar thalamus 3. SNc

Question 39

corticostriatal neurons reside in layer ___ of the cortex

Answer 39

5

Question 40

Where on the spiny neuron does the cerebral cortex neurons synpase and what NT is used

Answer 40

tip via glutamate

Question 41

Where on the spiny neuron does the SN neurons synpase and what NT is used

Answer 41

sides via DA

Question 42

look at sildes 30-33

Answer 42

I was too tired to continue