17. Head Flashcards by iya gerzon

Posterior Triangle

borders

posterior border: sternocleidomastoid muscle
anterior border of the trapezius muscle
superior border of the clavicle.
roof formed by the platysma and the investing (superﬁcial) layer of the deep cervical fascia.
ﬂoor: splenius capitis and levator scapulae muscles and the anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

posterior triangle contains this structures

accessory nerve, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus, external jugular vein,
transverse cervical and
suprascapular vessels,
subclavian vein (occasionally) and artery,
posterior (inferior) belly of the omohyoid, and roots and trunks of the brachial plexus.
nerve to the subclavius and the dorsal scapular, suprascapular, and long thoracic nerves.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

posterior triangle is divided into occipital and subclavian (supraclavicular or omoclavicular) triangles by the

omohyoid posterior belly.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anterior Triangle

boundaries

bounded by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, the anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible.

roof formed by the platysma and the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

anterior triangle

futher divided into:

digastric (submandibular), submental (suprahyoid), carotid, and muscular (inferior carotid) triangles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what muscle divides the anterior triangle

omohyoid anterior belly and the digastric anterior and posterior bellies into the digastric (submandibular), submental (suprahyoid), carotid, and muscular (inferior carotid) triangles.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is a spasmodic contraction or shortening of the neck muscles, producing twisting of the neck with the chin pointing upward and to the opposite side.

Torticollis (wryneck)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

torticollis is due to

injury to the sternocleidomastoid muscle or avulsion of the accessory nerve at the time of birth and unilateral ﬁbrosis in the muscle, which cannot lengthen with the growing neck (congenital torticollis)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is an elongation of the styloid process or excessive calciﬁcation of the styloid process or stylohyoid ligament that causes neck, throat, or facial pain and dysphagia (difﬁculty in swallowing).

Eagle’s syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many skull bones

22
8 cranial bones
14 facial bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

paired cranial bones

parietal

temporal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

unpaired cranial bones

frontal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

paired facial bones

palatine 
lacrimal
maxilla
nasal
inferior nasal concha 
zygomatic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

unpaired facial bones

vomer

mandible

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

meeting point of frontal and nasal bones

nasion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

intersection of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures.

lambda

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures.

bregma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

craniometric point at the junction of the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones and the great wing of the sphenoid bone.

pterion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

craniometric point at the junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal (mastoid part) bones.

asterion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

point on the middle of the nasofrontal suture (intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones).

nasion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most prominent point of the external occipital protuberance, which is used as a ﬁxed point in craniometry

inion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is a U-shaped bone consisting of a median body, paired lesser horns (cornua) laterally, and paired greater horns (cornua) posteriorly.

Hyoid bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this part of hyoid

Provides for attachments for the geniohyoid, mylohyoid, omohyoid, and sternohyoid muscles.

body of hyoid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this part of hyoid

Provides attachments for the middle constrictor, hyoglossus, digastric (anterior and posterior) bellies, stylohyoid, and thyrohyoid muscles.

greater horn

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Provides attachment for the stylohyoid ligament, which runs from the styloid process to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone.

lesser horn

Is a slender projection of variable length and extends downward and forward from the temporal bone.

stylohyoid

Gives origin to three muscles (stylohyoid, styloglossus, and stylopharyngeus) and two ligaments (stylohyoid and stylomandibular).

styloid process

in Eagle’s syndrome, pain may occur due to

compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which winds around the styloid process or stylohyoid ligament as it descends to supply the tongue, pharynx, and neck pain may be caused by pressure on the internal and external carotid arteries by a deviated and elongated styloid process.

Tx of eagle’s syndrome

styloidectomy

formed by the union of cranial and spinal roots. Has cranial roots that arise from the medulla oblongata below the roots of the vagus. Has spinal roots that arise from the lateral aspect of the cervical segment of the spinal cord between C1 and C3 (or C1 and C7) and unites to form a trunk that ascends between the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves in the vertebral canal and passes through the foramen magnum.

Accessory Nerve

thyrohyoid muscle | innervated by

C1 via the hypoglossal nerve

Innervates the infrahyoid (or strap) muscles, such as the omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles, with the exception of the thyrohyoid muscle

Ansa Cervicalis

is a temporary loss of consciousness or fainting caused CORRELATES by diminished cerebral blood ﬂow.

carotid sinus syncope

is the excision of atherosclerotic thickening of intima of the internal carotid artery for the prevention of stroke in patients with symptoms of obstructive disease of the carotid artery.

Carotid endarterectomy

s granulomatous inﬂammation with multinucleated giant cells, affecting the medium-sized arteries, especially the temporal artery. Symptoms include severe headache, excruciating pain in the temporal area, temporal artery tenderness, visual impairment, transient diplopia, jaw claudication, fever, fatigue, and weight loss.

temporal (giant cell) arteritis

temporal (giant cell) arteritis tx

prednisone

skull fracture at pterion may lacerate this artery

middle meningeal artery

skull fracture at pterion may cause this type of hematoma

epidural or extradural hematoma

how does a skull fracture at pterion can cause brainstem copression

compress the lateral part of the cerebral hemsphere –> hernation of the medial part of te temporal lobe -> comperss the brainstem

skull fracture at this area may cause blood or CSF to escape the ear, hearing loss and facial nerve damage

petrous portion of the temporal bone

skull fracture at this area may cause anosmia, periorbital buising, raccoon eyes, CSF leakage from nose, rhinorrhea

anterior cranial fossa

Skull fracture at this area initially presents as: •lucid asymptomatic interval –> weakness of limb muscles –> dilated pupil (compression of CNIII) –> deterioration of cardiovascular and resp fx

skull fracture at pterion

a horizontal fracture superior to maxillary alveolar process

Le Fort I

posterolateral aprts of the maxillary sinuses; | central part of the face separatde from the cranium

Le Fort II

horizontal fracture that passes through the superior orbital fissues, ethmoid and nasal extending to greater wing of sphenoid maxillae and zygomatic separated from cranium

Le Fort III

Layers of the scalp

``` skin connective tissue aponeurosis (Galea aponeurotica) loose connective tissue pericranium/ periosteum ```

the layer that allows free movement of the scalp proper

Loose connective tissue

this layer of scalp contains emissary veins - danger area

Loose connective tissue

differentiates into CNS

neural tube

gives rise to cells that forms the PNS, ANS, cranial, spinal and autonomic ganglia

Neural crest

Neural crest derivatives

``` sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves neurolemmal sheath of peripheral nerve meninges pigment cells of retina cells of adrenal medulla ```

Three primary brain vesicles

1. forebrain - prosencephalon 2. midbrain - mesencephalon 3. hindbrain- rhombencephalon

what secondary brain vesicles are formed at 5th week of dev

prosencephalon -> TELENCEPHALON | Rhombencephalon -> METENCEPHALON , MYELENCEPHALON

congenital megacolon

Hirschsprung disease

undelying pathology of Hirschsprung disease

absence of neural crest cell migration | -> aganglionic segment -> failure of peristalsis -> megacolon

Anatomical level of the nervous system

I. supratentorial level II. infratentorial level/ posterior fossa level III. Spinal level IV. Peripheral level

located above the tentorium cerebella

supratentorium level

supratentorial parts of the nervous system

``` cerebrum basal ganglia thalamus hypothalamus CN I and II ```

located below the tentorium cerebelli but above foramen magnum

cerebellum brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata) CN III-XII

this structures are located below the foramen magnum but contained within the vertebral column

spinal level

spinal level | structures

spinal cord | spinal nerves within VC

the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 protective membranes or meninges

a. dura mater b. subarachnoid mater c. pia mater

2 layers of the dura mater

endosteal layer | meningeal layer

meningeal layer of the dura mater sends inward 4 septa - which divides the cranial cavity into freely communicating spaces

1. falx cerebri 2. tentorium cerebelli 3. falx cerebelli 4. diaphragma sella

Presents several openings: the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum.

Greater Wing of the Sphenoid Bone

Has a deep central depression known as the hypophyseal fossa, which accommodates the pituitary gland or the hypophysis.

Sella Turcica (Turk’s Saddle) of the Sphenoid Bone

downward sloping surface from the dorsum sellae to the foramen magnum.

Clivus

Is a delicate investment that is closely applied to the brain and dips into ﬁssures and sulci. Enmeshes blood vessels on the surfaces of the brain.

Pia Mater

is caused by rupture of the thin-walled lenticulostriate artery, a branch of the middle cerebral artery, producing hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body).

cerebral hemorrhage

is due to rupture of cerebral arteries and veins that cross the subarachnoid space. It may be caused by rupture of an aneurysm on the circle of Willis or, less commonly, by a hemangioma (proliferation of blood vessels leads to a mass that resembles a neoplasm).

subarachnoid hemorrhage

is due to rupture of bridging cerebral veins as they pass from the brain surface into the venous sinuses that result from a blow on the front or the back of the head, causing displacement of the brain.

subdural hematoma

is due to rupture of the middle meningeal arteries or veins caused by trauma near the pterion, fracture of the greater wing of the sphenoid, or a torn dural venous sinus

epidural hematoma

may put pressure on the brain and form a biconvex pattern on computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging.

epidural hematoma

Is the sickle-shaped double layer of the dura mater, lying between the cerebral hemispheres.

falx cerebri

is attached anteriorly to the crista galli and posteriorly to the tentorium cerebelli.

falx cerebri

Has a free inferior concave border that contains the inferior sagittal sinus, and its upper convex margin encloses the superior sagittal sinus.

falx cerebri

Is a small sickle-shaped projection between the cerebellar hemispheres.

Falx Cerebelli

Contains the occipital sinus in its posterior border.

Falx Cerebelli

Is attached to the posterior and inferior parts of the tentorium.

Falx Cerebelli

Is a crescentic fold of dura mater that supports the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and covers the cerebellum.

Tentorium Cerebelli

Has a free internal concave border, which bounds the tentorial notch, whereas its external convex border encloses the transverse sinus posteriorly and the superior petrosal sinus anteriorly.

Tentorium Cerebelli

Is a circular, horizontal fold of dura that forms the roof of the sella turcica, covering the pituitary gland or the hypophysis.

Diaphragma Sellae

Has a central aperture for the hypophyseal stalk or infundibulum.

Diaphragma Sellae

Cavernous sinus thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus in the cavernous CORRELATES sinus and is caused by bacterial infections induced commonly by

Staphylococcus

Dura mater sensory nerve supply

trigeminal = above the tentorium •headache referred to forehead and face first 3 cervical nerves - below the tentorium •headache- referred to the back of the head and neck

potential space that contains the middle meningeal | arteries in the cranial cavity.

epidural space

Is the tough, ﬁbrous, outermost layer of the meninges external to the subdural space, the space between the arachnoid and the dura. ■ Lies internal to the epidural space, a potential space that contains the middle meningeal arteries in the cranial cavity.

dura mater

Is a ﬁlmy, transparent, spidery layer that is connected to the pia mater by web-like trabeculations.

arachnoid layer

vascular membrane covered by flattened mesothelial cells ; closely invests the brain covering the gyri and descending into sulci

pia mater

Dejerine - Roussy syndrome or central pain syndrome | Which part of brain is involved

it is a Thalamic infarction thalamus

17. Head Flashcards

(90 cards)