1700-1900

Question 1

Amputation

Answer 1

Removal of limb by surgery

Question 2

Anaesthetic

Answer 2

Drug given to a patient to make them unconscious during surgery

Question 3

Antiseptic

Answer 3

Chemicals used to destroy bacteria and prevent infection

Question 4

Chloroform

Answer 4

Liquid whose vapour acts as an anaesthetic

Question 5

Germ theory

Answer 5

Theory that germs cause disease often by infection through the air

Question 6

Inoculation

Answer 6

Putting a low dose of a disease into the body to help it fight against a more serious one

Question 7

Laissez faire

Answer 7

Belief that governments shouldn’t interfere in peoples lives

Question 8

Microbe

Answer 8

A living organism that is too small to see without a microscope

Question 9

Spontaneous generation

Answer 9

The theory that decaying matter turns into germs

Question 10

Vaccination

Answer 10

Injection into the body of weakened organisms to give the body resistance against the germs

Question 11

What we need to know happened between 1700-1900

Answer 11

Influence of Pasteurs germ theory
Kochs work on microbes and it’s impact
Improvements in hospitals and the influence of Florence nightingale
Impact of anaesthetics and antiseptics in surgery
Development and use of vaccinations including the work of Edward Jenner
Reasons for the introduction of public health act of 1875 and its impact.
Significance of John snow and the broad street pump

Question 12

public health

Answer 12

Laws and measures which prevent diseases and protect the health of the public. Includes providing clean water disposing of waste properly maintaining sewers and ensuring high standards in hospitals

Question 13

Public health act of 1848

Answer 13

Made little different to peoples health as in 1854 a large epidemic of cholera brown out and killed over 20000 people. People tried the usual methods to fight the disease but had limited impact.

Question 14

Why were the conditions of London so bad

Answer 14

Towns and cities had grown rapidly during the Industrial Revolution as people moved in search of work in the factories and mills. People were housed in cheap badly built and crowded homes in streets where water came from a pump next to a privy. In early 1800s a new disease spread to Britain- cholera. Cholera was spread in dirty water although people didn’t realise at the time. In the conditions cholera spread like wildfire.

Question 15

Public health act of, 1875

Answer 15

Pasteurs germ theory proved there was a link between dirt and Azeez. The 1875 public health act stated they need to provide compulsory clean water, sewage systems and drainage improvements.

Question 16

Why were the peoples reactions to epidemics of disease different and then 17th and 19th centuries?

Answer 16

Because individuals adopted religious beliefs and prayed for mercy and forgiveness, however, in the 19 century citizens, such as Jon Snow search of a scientific approaches to resolve cholera epidemics. Ideas about the cause of disease were different as in the renaissance period they believed in my asthma theory, which was evident throughout the herbal remedies created as a prevention on the other hand during the 1800s, the individual Louis Pasteur discovered bacteria and linked it to the cause of disease in anthrax.

Question 17

Germ theory

Answer 17

Theory and proof. Pasteur published his germ theory in 1861 was very general. He said the bacteria causes disease, but he couldn’t identify the specific bacteria which caused individual diseases. Therefore he carried out experiments to convince scientists. In 1865 cholera epidemic in France, he tried to find the exact bacterium that causes cholera, but he could only see a confused mass. He couldn’t identify which were cars in Cholera. The fact that people could see rotten food and flesh and even faeces in the street man. They continue to believe the bad air theory they knew this day. It’s game of smells and assumed it was that that cause disease. In 1876, German Dr robert Koch discovered that he could identify the specific microbe that caused anthrax. This meant that he could be isolated and used to develop a vaccine .over the next 20 years Koch and his fellow scientists, identify small bacteria, and this led to more vaccines been developed. This convince people that disease wasn’t caused by Miasma

Question 18

Why did snows discovery, not immediately lead to the public health act

Answer 18

The wealthy didn’t want to pay taxes for the cost of water supplies, and they didn’t want to government interfering with town policies

Question 19

What problems remained in surgery after James Simpson

Answer 19

Sometimes people died for too much chloroform or deeper incurable infections. Also the blood loss, the death rate increased as a more ambitious surgery.

Question 20

What was the main problem with pasteurs germ theory?

Answer 20

It took time convincing individuals as some still insisted that bad air cause disease, and he couldn’t identify the exact bacteria causing disease as it was a confused mask under the microscope

Question 21

What is a septic surgery?

Answer 21

Removing James from the operating theatre vigourously from 1887, all instruments were steamed and sterilised. Surgeons were surgical gowns face masks and rubber gloves. Surgeons could now try more ambitious operations. For example the first heart operation was completed in 1896, only issue remaining with blood loss.

Question 22

When was the surgery black period?

Answer 22

1850 to 1870

Question 23

The government continue to play a minimal role in development of medicine is false

Answer 23

Their priorities were elsewhere with constructing taxes, protection of the government rather than medical developments. However, increased intervention from the government made compulsory vaccination is smallpox established nursing schools and supported investment in science.

Question 24

New technology helps the advancement of medicine

Answer 24

Quality of microscopes improved dramatically which enabled Koch to identify bacteria, the invention of carbolic spray buying specialist equipment to support progress

Question 25

Individuals worked hard to see change and make improvements

Answer 25

Jennaers life ambition to cure smallpox Simpson experimented with chemicals, snow mission to abolish cholera, and nightingale thorough imprecise

Question 26

Changing attitudes in regards to the cleanliness, supported medical developments

Answer 26

Germ theory led the development of antiseptic and cleaning of hospitals sterile equipment, Nightingale, don’t believe in germ theory, but emphasised the importance of Clean areas

Question 27

Germ theory was central to many other developments during this time

Answer 27

Causes of disease is identified they could treated and laid the foundations for further progress. It dismissed other theories and enabled more effective treatments.

Question 28

Even though there was many medical developments peoples health did not drastically improve

Answer 28

Infant mortality rate is still high life expectancy was 46 for men, 50 for women, and they were heavily dependent on traditional cures and remedies

Question 29

Doctors continue. The tradition, started during the renaissance of conduct in their own experiments, rather than relying on knowledge from books.

Answer 29

Jenna conducted a scientific experiment regarding smallpox, which gained proof for his discovery, increased government involvement and snow scientific experiment gained proof

Question 30

The movement of people from the countryside to the towns did not help developments to occur is false

Answer 30

Industrial revolution and movement towns highlighted poor conditions of slums, more of what solutions we needed encouraged people to demand change from MPs were people for the vote increased

Question 31

Changes in hospitals between the 1700 and 1800

Answer 31

New hospital started to emerge, founded using donations from wealthy lawyers and businessmen. Doctors offered their service free of charge so they could practice their new skills. Attitudes also changed and Hospital started to be used as a place for patients to get treatments not just a place for rest and pray. The respectable and deserving poor were allowed into hospitals for treatments. Doctors attended regularly, and there was a surgeon and apothecary on site however, rich people still prefer to be treated in the own home which was deemed to be safer.

Question 32

When was the breakthrough period?

Answer 32

1900

Question 33

Change in hospitals between 1800 and 1900

Answer 33

More hospitals conditions start to improve due to influence of Florence Nightingale, hospitals well ventilation with more windows. Larger rooms and separate isolation was so infectious diseases didn’t spread. This meant that patients are more likely to recover and receives better care and treatment. Nightingale transformed nursing into a respectable profession, which meant that patients received better care and treatment. They became more skilled and caring for patients. Operating theatres and specialist department started to emerge in hospitals which had specialist spaces. This improved engineering techniques which meant the more complex operations could take place more doctors received hands-on training more ordinary. People can gain access to treatments either because wealthy donors continue to support hospitals or working people paid into a fund which would cover the cost of treatments needed the government of more of an important role in the establishing of hospitals, as well as using Nightengale design for building modern hospitals

Question 34

Changes from 1700 to 1900

Answer 34

Cleanliness technology and engineering techniques and more specialist treatments from doctors new system of Hospital design adopted Pavilion plan, large windows and rooms and clean water. Public health act enabled clean water sewage drainage order that Hospital’s bill for treatments paid using taxes.

Question 35

What was the role of government played in development of hospitals?

Answer 35

As well as using nightingales design for the building of modern hospitals. They also ordered that Poolaw infirmaries be built in 1867, for the poor these infirmary to separate from the workhouses and use taxes to pay for the care of the sick.