1750-1914 C.E. Key People Flashcards
(48 cards)
John Locke
(1632-1704)
English philosopher who worked to discover the natural laws of politics, an inspiration to many Enlightenment thinkers.
Adam Smith
Scottish philosopher who held that supply and demand controlled the market.
Baron de Montesquieu
(1689-1755)
French nobleman (Charles Louis de Secondat) who sought to establish and science of politics that would foster political liberty and prosperity.
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet)
(1694-1778)
Philosophe who had thousands of writings championing individual freedom and attacking institutions with intolerant or oppressive policies.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(1712-1778)
French-Swiss thinker who resented the privileges enjoyed by elite classes and argued for collective sovereignty within a society.
Napoleon Bonaparte
(1769-1821)
Ambitious supporter of the French revolution and creator of a new French dictatorship, in which he mostly unraveled the works of the revolution.
François-Domingue Toussaint (Louverture)
(1744-1803)
Well-educated son of slaves in Haiti, a skilled organizer who developed a strong army in the Haitian Revolution.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
(1753-1811)
Parish priest who rallied mestizos and indigenous peoples against colonial rule in Mexico.
Simón Bolívar
(1783-1830)
Creole elite in South America, fervent republican who used Enlightenment ideas of sovereignty as a leader in the movement for independence.
William Wilberforce
(1759-1833)
Prominent English philanthropist and member of Parliament, who attacked slavery on moral and religious grounds.
Mary Wollstonecraft
(1759-1797)
Self-educated British writer who argued that women possessed the same rights that John Locke had granted to men, including those to education.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
(1815-1902)
American feminist who, upon finding that organizers barred women from participation in an anti-slavery conference, organized a conference of feminists who passed twelve resolutions for equal rights.
Johann Gottfried von Herder
(1744-1803)
Artist who sang praises of German Volk (“people”) and language.
Giuseppe Mazzini
(1805-1872)
Italian nationalist activist who formed Young Italy, which promoted independence from Spanish and Austrian rule.
Theodor Herzl
(1860-1904)
Jewish journalist from Vienna who concluded that anti-Semitism was a prominent feature in society that assimilation couldn’t solve.
Prince Klemens von Metternich
(1773-1859)
Influential foreign minister of Austria who guided the Congress of Vienna.
Count Camillo di Cavour
(1810-1861)
Prime minister to King Vittorio Emanuele II of Piedmont and Sardina, who drove Austrian forces out of much of Northern Italy.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
(1807-1882)
Soldier of fortune and passionate nationalist who led the unification movement in Southern Italy.
Otto von Bismarck
(1815-1898)
Prime minister to King Wilhelm I of Prussia and master of Realpolitik (“the politics of reality”), who reformed and expanded the Prussian army and provoked three wars, all of which were won by Prussian forces.
James Watt
Developer of a general-purpose steam engine in 1765.
George Stephenson
Self-educated Englishman who built the first steam-powered locomotive in 1815.
Eli Whitney
(1765-1825)
American inventor who developed the cotton gin and a new technique for making parts for firearms.
Henry Ford
Introduced the assembly line and conveyor system to automobile production in 1913.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
(1818-1883)
(1820-1895)
German theorists and socialists who scorned utopian socialism and believed that there were two main classes (capitalists and proletariat), fearing that this system would result in a revolution that would disrupt capitalist society.
