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AP World History > 1750-1914 C.E. Key Terms > Flashcards

1750-1914 C.E. Key Terms Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Enlightenment

A

A movement in which Enlightenment thinkers subjected the world purely to rational analysis.

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2
Q

philosophe

A

(“philosopher”) Enlightenment thinker who, in contrast to regular philosophers, addressed works to the educated public.

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3
Q

deism

A

Belief system in which people believed that God existed but denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity, observed by most philosophes.

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4
Q

“Second Treatise of Social Government”

A

(published 1690)
Writing by John Locke, a theory of government in which individuals retained rights to life, liberty, and property.

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5
Q

“The Social Contract”

A

(1762)
Book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in which he argued that society members were collectively the sovereign.

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6
Q

Continental Congress

A

(1774)
Group that coordinated the American colonies’ resistance to British policies.

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7
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

(1776)
Document expressing Enlightenment ideas with inspiration from John Locke, otherwise self-explanatory as a declaration of independence from Britain.

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8
Q

ancien régime

A

(“old order”) Pre-revolutionary existing society in France.

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9
Q

Estates General

A

(founded 1303)
Assembly representing the entire French population through three estates:
1. Roman Catholic clergy.
2. Nobles.
3. Serfs, free peasants, and urban residents.

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10
Q

National Assembly

A

(1789)
Representatives of the third estate, having renamed themselves after seceding from the Estates General, with the goal of providing France a new constitution.

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11
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

A

(1789)
Connection: French equivalent of the Declaration of Independence.
This document proclaimed the equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people, and asserted individual rights to property, liberty, and security.

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12
Q

levée en masse

A

(“mass levy”) Universal conscription drafting people and resources for war against invading forces in France.

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13
Q

reign of terror

A

The time of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins, who sought to completely eliminate Christian influence in France and, in their attempt to do so, sent many to the guillotine.

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14
Q

Civil Code

A

(1804)
Revised body of civil law, which affirmed the political and legal equality of adult men, established merit-based society, protected private property, and restored patriarchy in the family, as instated by Napoleon Bonaparte.

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15
Q

gens de couleur

A

(“people of color”) Class in Haiti consisting of artisans, domestic servants, overseers, and a small portion owning land and slaves.

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16
Q

peninsulares

A

Class of colonial officials from Spain or Portugal.

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17
Q

criollos/creoles

A

Euro-American class.

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18
Q

Gran Columbia

A

(1820)
Republic confederation including Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, which, by 1830, was undermined by strong political and regional differences.

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19
Q

caudillos

A

Local charismatic strongmen in Latin America.

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20
Q

conservatism

A

Modern ideology founded on the belief that society is a slowly-changing organism.

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21
Q

liberalism

A

Modern ideology which, contrary to conservatism, welcomed change, mostly concerned with civil rights and championing Enlightenment ideas of equality and freedom.

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22
Q

Volksgeist

A

The popular soul/spirit/essence of a community.

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23
Q

Zionism

A

Political movement holding that Jewish people constitute a nation and hold the rights to a national homeland.

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24
Q

Judenstaat

A

(1896)
Pamphlet by Theodor Herzl arguing that the only defense against anti-Semitism would be a homeland for the Jews.

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25
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815) A congress of representatives of those who defeated Napoleon who attempted to restore revolutionary order by returning sovereignty and rule to Europe's royal families.
26
calicoes
Inexpensive, brightly colored textiles imported from India.
27
flying shuttle
(invented 1779) Device created by John Kay, a mechanic from Manchester, to speed up the cotton weaving process.
28
mule (invention)
(invented 1779) Cotton-spinning device invented by Samuel Crompton.
29
power loom
(invented 1785) Water-driven mechanical weaving device invented by Edmund Cartwright.
30
factory system
System that replaced the putting-out system, a system of labor in factories.
31
Luddites
(1811-1816) English handicraft workers who, in protest of the low wages and treatment of employees in factories, destroyed textile machines.
32
corporation
Form of business organization, a way of financing business through the purchase of stocks.
33
Crystal Palace
Structure in London made from iron, glass, and full of trees, gardens, fountains, and globally manufactured products.
34
demographic transition
Social change with shifting fertility and mortality patterns, beginning in the nineteenth century.
35
middle class
Small business owners, factory managers, engineers, accountants, skilled employees, and professionals like teachers.
36
working class
Class of laborers working in factories and mines.
37
socialism/utopian socialists
(first appeared around 1830) Social critics seeking to establish ideal and equitable societies.
38
trade unions
Unions seeking a more just and equitable society with higher wages and better working conditions.
39
manifest destiny
Idea that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent.
40
Indian Removal Act of 1830
When the U.S. government ordained to move indigenous peoples off of their lands and to reservations in Oklahoma.
41
Trail of Tears
(1838-1839) Cherokee migration from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma, in which thousands died from disease, starvation, etc..
42
battle of the Little Bighorn
(1876) Battle in which the Lakota Sioux and allies annihilated a U.S. army.
43
Wounded Knee
(1890) When a Sioux man accidentally set off a gun, and U.S. cavalry slaughtered over 200.
44
Mexican-American War
(1846-1848) Mexico initially had the same amount of territory as the U.S., until the U.S. provoked a war and took possession of half of Mexico's territory.
45
Emancipation Proclamation
(1863) Proclamation in which President Lincoln freed slaves in the southern states.
46
War of 1812
When the U.S. declared war on Britain and tried (and failed) to conquer Canada.
47
Durham Report
(issued 1839) John George Lambton advocated a good deal of self-government for Canada.
48
British North America Act of 1867
Act that joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and recognized this as the Dominion of Canada.
49
railroad time
(established 1883) Railroad companies divided North America into four time zones after the initial way of measuring time provided complications for railroad managers.
50
National Policy
Program of economic development in Canada to attract migrants, protect, nascent industries, and build transportation systems.
51
Canadian Pacific Railroad
(completed 1885) Transcontinental railroad built largely with British investment capital.
52
Reconstruction
(1867-1877) Program to provide freed slaves with more civil and voting rights.
53
Seneca Falls Convention
(1848) Convention during which feminists made a "declaration of sentiments" based on the Declaration of Independence.
54
Northwest Rebellion
(1885) Insurrection led by Louis Riel to resist the railroad and British Canadian settlement encroaching on métis and indigenous land.
55
gauchos
("cowboys") In Argentina, independent, distinguished people, seen as one symbol of Latin America.
56
machismo
Social ethic honoring male strength, courage, aggressiveness, assertiveness, and cunning.
57
soldaderas
Female soldiers or supporters of soldiers in Latin America, particularly during the Mexican Revolution.
58
capitulations
Agreements exempting (e.g.) Europeans from Ottoman law, allowing powers with extraterritoriality.
59
Tanzimat era
(1839-1876) (“reorganization”) Ottoman period drawing inspiration from the Enlightenment.
60
Young Turks
(founded 1889) Party founded by exiled Ottoman subjects under Abdul Hamid, promoting equality and freedom.
61
Crimean War
(1853-1856) Military conflict between Russia and Britain, France, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire, in which Russia could not hold against Europe.
62
Emancipation Manifesto
(1861) Abolished serfdom in Russia.
63
zemstvos
(created 1864) Elected district assemblies intended to deal with local health, education, and welfare.
64
pogroms
Anti-Jewish riots.
65
Duma
Russia’s first parliamentary system, consisting of an elected legislative assembly.
66
cohong
Chinese firms, buying sold goods under a strict set of government-issued prices and regulations.
67
Opium War
(1839-1842) Conflict taking place after the Chinese government forbid the British trade of opium to China.
68
Treaty of Nanjing
(1842) Conclusion to the Opium War, forcing China to open up foreign trade ports, extend the most-favored nation status to Britain, and grant extraterritoriality to British subjects.
69
Taiping Rebellion
(1850-1864) Attempt to destroy the Qing dynasty, abolish private property, create communal wealth, improve education, and provide more equal rights in China.
70
Self-Strengthening Movement
(1860-1895) Chinese movement to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology and promote economic and social reform.
71
Hundred Days reforms
(1898) Reform seeking a constitutional monarchy, more equality and civil liberty, an increase in foreign influence, etc..
72
Boxer rebellion
Rebellion organized to violently rid China of foreign influence.
73
Meiji restoration
Period which returned authority to the Japanese emperor and ended the series of military governments run by daimyos and Samurai.
74
zaibatsu
Financial cliques who held much economic power in Japan.
75
mission civilisatrice
(“civilizing mission”) French justification for imperial expansion, to bring “civilization” to other peoples.
76
Suez Canal and Panama Canal
(constructed 1859-1869) (constructed 1904-1914) Canals that helped facilitate the building and maintenance of empires.
77
Battle of Omdurman
(1898) In the interest of imperial expansion, the British used gunpowder technology to easily defeat a Sudanese force.
78
Great Game
Military officers and imperialist adventurers from Russia and Britain pursued influence and intelligence from Central Asia, in the interest of imperial expansion.
79
Scramble for Africa
The rivalry between European powers over the exploitation and colonization of Africa.
80
Khoikhoi and Xhosa
Two communities in Africa that suffered major losses due to European imperial expansion.
81
South African War
(1899-1902) Conflict between British authorities and Afrikaners, drastically affecting black African communities.
82
Berlin West Africa Conference
(1884-1885) When delegates from 12 European states, the U.S., and the Ottoman Empire essentially divided up Africa for colonization.
83
Battle of Adwa
(1896) Ethiopian army annihilated an Italian army, when Italy attempted to colonize Ethiopia.
84
Māori
Indigenous population in New Zealand.
85
terra nullis
(“land belonging to no one”) What Britain called Australia to justify seizing territory, there.
86
Treaty of Waitangi
(1840) Treaty promising protecting from the British, which the British compelled Maori leaders to sign, followed by British takeover.
87
Monroe Doctrine
Proclamation issued by President James Monroe, warning Europeans against imperial expansion in the Western hemisphere.
88
Spanish-Cuban-American War
(1891-1893) War between Spain and the U.S. over Cuba and Puerto Rico.
89
Roosevelt Corollary
Exerted the U.S. right to intervene in domestic issues in the Western hemisphere involving U.S. investment.
90
Russo-Japanese War
(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over Korea and the Liaodong Peninsula.
91
Indian National Congress
(founded 1885) Congress founded to communicate public affairs to colonial officials, hoping for more representation.
92
Maji-Maji Rebellion
(1905-1906) Large-scale rebellion organized by local prophet to expel German colonial authorities from East Africa.
93
scientific racism
Assumption by theorists that the human race consisted of different racial groups characterized by stereotypes.
94
"The Origin of Species"
(1859) Book by Charles Darwin that argued about evolution and the idea of "survival of the fittest".

AP World History (2 decks)

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