Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology of Disease > Chapter 3: Immunity and Abnormal Responses > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Immunity and Abnormal Responses Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

A substance derived from microorganisms that is used to treat infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an antimicrobial

A

An agent that kills or inhibts growth and reproduction of microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an antiviral

A

An agent that kills a virus or that suppresses its ability to replicate and, hence, inhibits its capability to multiply and reproduce.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are antibodies

A

AKA IMMUNOGLOBULIN
protein that fights infections
produced by B cells in the body in response to the presence of an antigen

ex) bacterium or virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is bronchoconstriction

A

Contraction of smooth muscle in bronchioles, narrowing the airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is colostrum

A

Provides protection for newborn child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a complement

A

A series of inactive proteins circulating in the blood; when activated, they can destroy bacteria or antigens, or participatie in the inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cytotoxic

A

A substance that destroys or kills cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is encephalopathy

A

Impaired function of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is erythema

A

Redness and inflammation of the skin or mucosa due to vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a fetus

A

The human child in utero between 8 weeks and birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a glycoprotein

A

A combination of preotein and carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hypogammaglobulinemia

A

low antibody levels because of B-cell defect

*Immunodeficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is hypoproteinemia

A

Abnormally low level of plasma protein in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are mast cells

A

Located in tissues, they release chemicals such as histamine, heparin, and bradykinin in response to injury or foreign material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are monocytes

A

type of white blood cell: a large circulating white blood cell, formed in the bone marrow and in the spleen, that has a single well-defined nucleus and consumes large foreign particles and cell debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the monoculear phagocytic system

A

aka reitculoendothelial system
Macrophages kill bacteria and process and display antigens from the foreign material on their cell membranes, lympocytes respond which initiate the immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a mutate

A

Strains of cells that change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an opportunistic

A

A microorganism, normally nonpathogenic, that causes infectous disease when the person’s resistance is reduced, microbial balance is upset, or the microbe is transferred to another part of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a placenta

A

A vascular organ that develops inside the uterus of most pregnant mammals to supply food and oxygen to the fetus through the umbilical cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a polymerase chain reaction

A

PCR

technology that is used to rapidly replicate the genetic material of DNA in a lab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is prophylactic

A

A measure or drug to prevent disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is pruritic

A

itchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is replication

A

reduced during the latent phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a retrovirus

A

A virus containing RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase, required to convert RNA to DNA that is then integrated with the host cell DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a splenectomy

A

Removal of the spleen

27
Q

What are stem cells

A

A basic cell that may divide to give rise to a variety of specialized cells

Ex- the blood cells

28
Q

What is a thymus

A

Gland located in the mediastinum
Large in children
Decreasing in size in adults
Site of maturation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes

29
Q

What is a titer

A

Measure of specific antibodies

30
Q

What are vesicles

A

A small thing-walled sac containing fluid

Ex- a blister

31
Q

What is the purpose of the immune system

A

Specific defense responding to particular substances, cells, toxins or proteins that are “foreign” to the body

Recognize and remove undesirable material from the tissue

32
Q

What does the immune response do?

A

1) Distinguishes self vs. non-self
2) Destroys unknown material
3) Memory cells remember specific non-self antigens and has a specific response= immunity
* assisted by general defense mechanisms such as phagocytosis and the inflammatory response

33
Q

List the structures of the immune system

A 
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
Palatine tonsil
Lymph nodes (cervical)
Lymphatic vessels
Axillary lymph nodes
Thymus
Intestinal lymph nodes
Inguinal lymph nodes 
Bone marrow
34
Q

What is significant during fetal development so that the immune system ignores self antigens?

A

Thymus

35
Q

Where do immune cells originate?

A

Bone marrow

36
Q

What does an antigen do?

A

Activates the immune system to produce matching antibodies

37
Q

What are antigens composed of?

A

Complex proteins
polysaccharides
glycoproteins

38
Q

What is located on chromosome 6?

A

MHC- major histocompatibility complex

  • activates and regulates the immune response as well as intracellular communication
  • detects change in cell membranes
39
Q

What is HLA and what does it do?

A
  • human leukocyte antigen

* provide close match for a tissue transplant

40
Q

What are mature lymphocytes also known as and what do they do?

A

Immunocompetent cells

*recognize and react with antigens in body

41
Q

T lymphocytes (T cells)

A

Cell- mediated immunity that recognize antigens and destroys antigen!

Ex) virus-infected cells
Fungal
Protozoal infections
Cancer cells
Foreign cells
42
Q

B lymphocytes (B cells)

A

Humoral immunity

*mature in bone marrow and then proceed to spleen and lympoid tissue. Act against bacteria and viruses.

43
Q

What determines the progroess of HIV?

A

The ratio of CD4-CD8 cells

normal is 2:1

44
Q

What is natural immunity

A

Species specific

45
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Gene specific r/t ethnicity

46
Q

What is primary response

A

Happens when first exposed to antigen
Antigen is recognized and processed and antibodies and T cells are initiated.
Takes about 1-2 weeks.

47
Q

What is the secondary response?

A

Rapid result of antibodys because memory cells remember because of the repeated exposure to the antigen

48
Q

What are the four ways to acquire immunity?

A

Active Natural Immunity (ANL)
Active Artifical Immunity (AAI)
Passive natural Immunity (PNL)
Passive artifical Immunity (PAI)

49
Q

Natural Active

A

Chicken pox
Memory: Yes
Pathogen enters bod- ILLNESS- antibodies form in host

50
Q

Active Artifical

A

Vaccine (live or attenuated) injected
NO ILLNESS but antibodies form
Memory: YES

Ex) Measles vaccine=immunity

51
Q

Natural passive

A

Antibodies passed directly from mother to child to provide temporary protection
Memory: NO

Ex) Placental passage during pregnacy or ingestion of breast milk

52
Q

Artifical passive

A

Antibodies injected into person to provide temporary protection or minimize severity of injection
Memory: NO

Ex) Gammaglobulin if recent expose to microbe
Rabies antiserum
Snake antivenom

53
Q

Types of Tissue or Organ Transplants

A

Allograft (homograft)- one human to another

Isograft- between twins

Autograft- Tissue transferred from one part of the body to another part (skin or bone)

Xenograft (heterograft) Tissue transferred from one species to a different (pig to human)

54
Q

Rejection of transplant

A

Destroys organ
Survival time is increased when HLA is excellent, donor is living and when immunosuppreseive drugs are taken regularly.
Infants immune system doesn’t reject because immature

55
Q

Rejection

A

Hyperacute- immediately after transplant

Acute rejection- several weeks when unmatched antigens cause a reaction

Chronic- late rejection that occurs after months or years with gradual degeneration of the blood vessels

56
Q

Immunosuppression

A

Technique used to reduce the immune response to prevent injection

cylcosporines
azathioprine
prednisone
glucocoricoid
*RISK FOR INFECTION*
57
Q

Types of Hypersensitivities

A

I- hay fever/anaphylaxis
II- ABO blood incompatibility
III- Autoimmune disorders; SLE, glomerulonephritis
IV- Contact dermatitis, transplant rejection

58
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

life-threatening, systemic hypersensitivity reaction that leads to decreased blood pressure, airway obstruction and severe hypoxia.
*Shellfish
*Latex
*Bee stings
*Nuts
EPI PEN IS NEEDED!
S/S itchy throat, edema, dyspnea, wheezing, anxiety

59
Q

Autoimmune Disorders

A

Autoimmmune disorders occur when individuals develop antibodies to their own cells or cellular material and these antibodies then attack the individual’s tissues. The term autoantibodies formed against self-antigens.

Immune system is unable to differentiat self from non-self– then inflammation occurs and necrosis of tissue.

60
Q

SLE

A

Butterfly rash
More women 20-40 yr old.
Hormonal and genetic, cause is not known.

Patho: large #s of autoantibodies in DNA, platelets, erythrocytes, nucleic acids and ANAS.
Connective tissue and inflammation anywhere in body

S/S skin rash joint inflammation anemia chest pain raynnaud’s phenomenon

DX: ANA anti-DNA in blood, mature neutrophils containing nuclear material, low complement levels, elevated ESR,

TX: Prednisone, nsaids, avoid sun and being fatigue

61
Q

Secondary or acquired immunodeficiency

A

loss of immune response due to viral infection, splenectomy, malnutrition, liver disease, radiation, chemo, organ transplants, etc.

62
Q

Primary deficiencies

A

involve basic development failure somewhere in the body

ex) bone marrow’s production of stem cells, the thymus or the synthesis of antibodies.

63
Q

Immunnodeficiency

A

risk for infection!

BE CAREFUL, TELL DENTIST, TAKE ANTIBOTIC BEFORE SURGERY

64
Q

HIV/Aids

A

is transferred through direct contact of body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions)

live longer now, take a cocktail of medications

DX:ELISA test and western blott

s/s
few weeks: flu like symptoms
prolonged 2nd stage: no s/s, enlarged lymph nodes
final acute: major complications, encephalopathy, cancers, major infections

TX: antiviral drugs: AZT

Physiology of Disease (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions