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CAIE BIO > 18- biodiversity > Flashcards

18- biodiversity Flashcards

(36 cards)

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1
Q

biological species concept

A

organisms within species are able to reproduce+produce fertile offspring
- reproductively isolated from other species

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2
Q

morphological

A

physical features in species

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3
Q

ecological species concept

A

defines species by ecological niche- way interacts with environment
living in same area at same time

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4
Q

suggest when the morphological species concept is more useful than the biological

A
  • extinct organisms- can’t analyse DNA
  • for organisms breeding asexually
  • when morphological diffs are easier to determine- it’s often difficult to observe reproductive behaviour
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5
Q

key physiological+structural diffs between archaea+bacteria

A
  • archaea have more unique RNA polymerase
  • only bac have peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • genes+protein synth in archaea more similar to EUKARYA than prokarya
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6
Q

protoctista features:
- cell type
organelles
energy obtaining

A
  • unicellular (some multi)
  • nucleus+membrane bound
    some chloroplasts->autotrophic
    some ingest other organisms
    some parasitic
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

phylogenetic group

A

organisms in a group due to their evolutionary history/relationships OR due to their common ancestors

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9
Q

how to classify viruses

A

[What disease caused]
Type of nucleic acid(RNA/DNA)
Whether genetic material is single/double stranded

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10
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of ecosystems+species in area+genetic diversity within each species

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11
Q

ecosystem

A

relatively self-contained, interacting community of organisms+biotic/abiotic factors, and the environment in which they live
linked by food webs
interdependence between organisms+environments

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12
Q

community

A

all living organisms of species found in ecosystems at particular time

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13
Q

niche

A

role of organisms+how it fits in an ecosystem
includes: habitat, how it obtains energy

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14
Q

species diversity (includes diff species+numbers)

A

number of species and the number of individuals in each species(evenness of abundance)

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15
Q

species richness

A

total number of different species in a habitat.
quantified by taking random samples and counting the species present.
higher species richness indicates greater diversity

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16
Q

species evenness

Study These Flashcards
A

comparison of the numbers of individuals of each species in a community.
measured by taking samples and counting individuals of each species.
More even abundances mean higher species evenness and diversity

17
Q

genetic diversity

Study These Flashcards
A

diversity of alleles+genes in genome of species

18
Q

3 levels of biodiversity

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. ecosystems/habitat variation
  2. number of diff species + relative abundance
  3. genetic variation within each species
19
Q

how does ecosystem variation contribute to biodiversity

Study These Flashcards
A
  • more differing species
  • diff habitats
  • diff niches
  • diff selection pressures
  • genetic diversity
  • diff climate
  • adaptation
20
Q

random sampling

involves quadrats (calc species density/frequency, percentage cover)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Choose an area.
  2. Randomly generate coordinates across the area - prevents sampling bias by removing human involvement in choosing samples.
  3. Collect samples from random coordinates - This gives us samples that are representative of the population.
  4. Repeat this several times - This gives us a large sample size and minimises the effects of chance.
  5. Analyse the data collected - identify any relationships
21
Q

Simpson’s diversity index

Study These Flashcards
A
  • total number of organisms of particular species
  • total number of organisms from ALL species
22
Q

sampling biodiversity

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Choose an appropriate method (e.g. quadrats, pooters, etc.) depending on the habitat.
  • Estimate the number of individuals of each species in a sample.
  • Repeat sampling across habitat and take multiple samples for reliability.
  • Estimate total number of individuals or species in the area.
23
Q

systematic- when change in physical conditions

involves line/belt transects

Study These Flashcards
A

positions of the sampling points are chosen by the person carrying out sampling
possibility that person choosing could show bias towards or against certain areas
Individuals may deliberately place the quadrats in areas with the fewest species as these will be
easier and quicker to count
- unrepresentative of the whole area

24
Q

line transect (organism species)

Study These Flashcards
A

lay measuring tape in straight line across sample area
at equal distances along the tape record the identity of the organisms that touch the line. e.g. every 2m
qualitative data produced

25
belt transect (abundance)
Place quadrats at regular intervals along the tape and record the abundance of each species within each quadrat produces quantitative data
26
method to estimate pop size of mobile animal
mark-release-recapture capture sample+count(humane traps) mark without adversely affecting rats(tagging/using dyes) return to where they were caught allow time to mix with pop capture second sample count number caught+number marked pop size estimate=number in 1st sample x number in second sample / number in second sample marked repeat
27
measuring abiotic factors
Light, humidity, and temperature (using sensors). pH and wind speed (using probes). Dissolved oxygen (using specialised probes
28
advantages measuring abiotic factors
can detect rapid changes. can reduce human error in taking readings. can achieve a high degree of precision allow data to be stored and tracked on a computer
29
pearson's linear correlation use IF
- draw scatter graph+check if there is a relationship between 2 continuous variables - interval data, normally distributed data doesn't appear skewed in any direction, no obvious outliers
30
spearman's rank
find correlation between 2 sets of variables when NOT normally distributed - plot data as scatter graph + see if looks like correlation(doesn't need to be linear) - H0 that there is NO correlation between %cover of 2 species - if closer to 1, conclude +ve correlation between 2 species- association strength is high, reject H0
31
conditions that are necessary for the mark-release-recapture results to be valid
no immigration/migration no reproduction ladybirds mix themselves randomly (within the population) marking does not influence behaviour/marking does not increase vulnerability to predation sample/population is large enough - marking isn't harmful - constant population size - sufficient time to mix with population
32
conservation of plant species
- botanic gardens - research - controlled, named growing conditions (light/water/nutrients/temp) - plant seeds back into natural environment - seeds banks/collect them - seed storage(low O2, low moisture, low temperature) - seeds regularly checked for viability - maintain genetic diversity/gene material acts as seed bank - can be germinated prior to introduction back to natural habitat CITES in/ex situ
33
outline role of IUCN
- global authority - give advice on conserving+protecting nature/biodiversity - assess+categorise conservation status - create Red List of threatened species - influence governments/policies - educate+raise awareness to public of endangered species
34
Outline the advantages of captive breeding programmes such as CCRP.
supplied with food ; 2 monitor health of the, mother/offspring ; 3 (sperm/eggs) stored/frozen ; A sperm bank 4 artificial insemination/in vitro fertilisation ; A AI/IVF 5 ref. to cloning/ surrogacy/fostering (of young) ; 6 fertilised eggs incubated artificially ; 7 transfer of breeding partners between zoos ; 8 maintenance of records ; 9 maintains genetic diversity ; 10 protection from, predators/ shooting/disease ;
35
Suggest why animals in captive breeding programmes may not always breed successfully
no longer living in natural habitat ; 2 stress ; 3 behavioural changes ; 4 idea of disruption to normal reproductive cycles ; 5 reject mate ;
36
When animals that have been bred in captivity are released, their survival rate is low. Suggest two reasons why many of these animals are unable to survive in the wild.
may find difficulty in moving around (due to previously been captive) 2 idea of difficulty obtaining food/short of food/outcompeted for food 3 difficulty integrating with others of members of their species ; 4 disease 5 idea of lack of survival skills ; A lack of fear of, humans/predators

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