18. Intro To Human Body Flashcards
(145 cards)
Adipose
Fibrous Connective Tissue type that serves as storage for surplus food and insulation to conserve body heat.
Provides support and protection for certain structures such as the heart, kidneys, and some joints.
Anatomy
Study of body structures and their propositional relationships to one another.
Gross: larger body structures: bones, muscles, organs
Microscopic: Cells, tissues
Applied: body structures and the changes they undergo during the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Comparative: differences between structures of all life forms
Surface: relationships of structures found on the surface of the body and how they relate to internal structures.
Cytoplasm
Gel-like intracellular fluid. (346salvo)
(aka protoplasm). Contains organelles. Where most cellular activities like metabolism and cell division occur.
portioned into :
-cytosol, which is not contained within organelles, and
-endoplasm, which is contained within organelles.
Fibrocartilage
An avascular connective tissue that receives nutrients by diffusion. The strongest and most durable of all cartilage types.
In the form of discs they serve as shock absorbers and are found between vertebrae as intervertebral disks and in the knee (meniscus). (p. 354)
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to equalize concentrations.
Molecules simply spread out in a given space across a cell membrane. sped up by heat or stirring. Performed by some respiratory , cardiovascular, and digestive systems. (p347)
ex. lump of sugar dissolving water. How cartilaginous cells receive nutrients. (p354)
Epithelium Tissue
Tissue that lines or covers external and internal body structures. (349salvo)
Classification: simple or stratified depending on its number of layers. Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar depending on its shape.
-simple: one cell thick
-stratified: two or more cells thick
-squamous: flat-shaped
-cuboidal: cube-shaped
-columnar: column-shaped
Pseudostratified: appears to have multiple layers, but its a single layer with the nuclei located at different levels (giving the appearance of different levels
Transitional: combines all cell shapes that permits stretching and is found in urinary bladder.
Lines open body cavities such as the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts; Lines closed body cavities such as the dorsal cavity. Made up of closely packed cells arranged in 1 or more layers. Does not contain blood cells. Regenerates quickly. Bound to underlying tissues by a thin membrane called a basement membrane, which provides some structural support and through which the tissue receives oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from blood capillaries in the underlying tissue.
Functions:
-protection (from mechanical injury, harmful chemicals, invading pathogens, and excessive water loss),
-absorption (gets nutrients and exchange of gases in digestive and respiratory tracts),
-secretion (of hormones, enzymes, mucus, and other lubricating fluids)
-excretion (of wastes like urine and sweat in the urinary system and skin), and
-sensation (mediated by embedded sensory receptors in the skin, tongue, nose, eyes, and ears)
Includes type:
-Endothelium, which covers internal surfaces of blood and lymphatic vessels.
-Glandular epithelium which is found in endocrine and exocrine glands and contains secretory cells.
Proximal
Directional term used to describe the location of a particular body structure when the person is standing in the anatomical position meaning nearer to the point of reference, usually toward the trunk of the body (359salvo). Refers only to structures located on the upper and lower extremities
Ex: The hip is proximal to the knee
Hyaline Cartilage
A connective tissue that is an elastic, rubbery, and smooth arranged in a translucent, pearly-blue matrix. (354salvo). The more prevalent of its type and covers the articulating surfaces of bones, connects ribs to the sternum, and found in supportive tissues in the nose, ears, trachea, and smaller respiratory tubes.
Mitochondria
Cell’s “power plants” because most chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (347).
Oval organelles with 2 membranes. Outer membrane is flat and smooth. Inner is folded into numerous chambers (cristae) which enhances its metabolic properties. Most chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration happen here. Acts like a mini-digestive system and are combined with oxygen and digested maintaining the cell’s energy needs. Muscle cells have more of these and red blood cells have none of these. Sometimes these multiply when energy needs increase.
Interstitial Fluid
Fluid found in extra cellular spaces between tissues (349salvo).
Primarily composed of water and contains salts, sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Bathes cells and provides a transport medium for nutrients, gases, and wastes. Chemically similar to blood plasma, and lymph, but this fluid is more abundant than plasma or lymph.
Nucleus
Cell’s “control center” because it directs most metabolic activities, including growth and reproduction (347salvo). Usually spherical shaped and often the largest organelle. Contains clusters of proteins, DNA, and RNA, which contains chromosomes (genetic code). Surrounded by a porous membrane and contains a smaller inner structure (nucleolus) that helps it synthesize proteins.
All cells have at least 1 of these at some time in their existence. Red blood cells lose their nuclei as they mature. Skeletal muscle cells possesses many nuclei.
Nervous Tissue
Tissue located in the brain, spinal chord, and within nerves (355salvo). Nerve cells (neurons) transmit nerve impulses, which provide sensory input and motor output and helps interpret and coordinate bodily functions. Facilitate cognition, memory, and emotional responsiveness.
Poses character is of excitability and conductivity. Secretes chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) which assist impulse conduction.
Composed of nerve cells which have 3 parts:
-cell body: contains nucleus and other organelles
-dendrites: transmits impulses to the cell body
-axon: transmits impulses away from cell body (can have many extensions)(some surrounded by myelin sheath that increases the conduction rate of nerve impulses and prevents impulse leakage to adjacent cells.
Pathology
The study of disease (159salvo).
Anatomical Position
A position where the body is standing upright and facing forward, the arms are at the sides, palms are facing forward with thumbs to the side, and feet are hip-distance apart with toes pointing forward (359salvo).
Axial Region
Describes the region that contains the head, neck, and torso or trunk (361salvo). The upper extremity contains the arms, forearms, and hands and connections to this region via the shoulders. Lower extremities contains the thighs, legs, and feet and connections to this region via the hips.
The following are located in or near the axial region of the body:
-Cephalic: Head
-Cranial: Upper skull
-Temporal: Side of the skull
-Facial: Face
-Frontal: Forehead
-Orbital: Eye; ophthalmic means “pertaining to the eye”
-Zygomatic: Upper cheek
-Nasal: Nose
-Buccal: Check wall within the mouth
-Oral: Mouth
-Otic: Ear; auricular means “pertaining to the ear”
-Mandibular: Lower jaw
-Occipital: Lower back skull
-Cervical: Neck; nuchal means pertaining to the nape or back of the neck
-Thoracic: Chest, area between the neck and diaphragm
-Abdominal: Abdomen; superior region of the abdominopelvic cavity
-Pelvic: Pelvis; inferior region of the abdominopelvic cavity
-Pectoral: Breast area or upper anterior thorax; mammary means “pertaining to the breast”
-Costal: Ribs
-Umbilical: Navel or central abdomen; pertaining to the umbilical chord
-Vertebral: Spinal column
-Sacral: Sacrum of the spinal column
-Coccygeal: Bottom of the spinal column or coccyx area; upper region of the gluteal cleft
-Lumbar: Lower back or loin area between the ribs and hips; flank means “pertaining to the side regions of the lumbar area”
-Gluteal: Buttocks formed by the gluteal muscles.
-Sacroiliac: Between the sacrum and pelvic bones
-Perineal: Between the anus and the genitals.
Costal
Ribs (361salvo)
Serous Membranes
Membranes that line closed body cavities. Secretes thin, watery serous fluid which lubricates organs within the cavities and serves to reduce friction. This fluid is located between its 2 layers:
1. Parietal: covers the walls of cavities like wallpaper and often adhere to it.
2. Visceral: covers visceral organs located within the body cavity.
Examples: pericardium (surrounds the heart), pleura (surrounds lungs), peritoneum (surrounds organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Frontal Plane
Plane bisecting the body side-to-side and dividing the body into anterior and posterior sections (359salvo)
Homeostasis
The tendency of the body’s internal environment to remain relatively constant with a narrow range of change (341salvo). Primarily regulated by the nervous and endocrine system. The body seeks to stay in relatively stable state of equilibrium.
Example:
-Normal body temp 98.6 achieved by increasing heat production or releasing excess heat
-Immune response
-blood sugar regulation
-heart rate
-respiration
Contralateral
Directional term meaning the opposite side of the body (359salvo).
Example: The right foot is contralateral to the left foot.
Popliteal
Posterior Knee
Synovial Membrane
Membranes that line cavities or spaces between bones within joints, mainly freely moveable joints such as the shoulder, hip, and knee (358salvo). Secretes a thick, clear fluid (synovium) that provides nutrients and lubrication to joints so that they can move freely without friction.
Also lines flattened saclike structures (bursae) that are found near joints
Antebrachial
Forearm; between the wrist and elbow
Ventral
A cavity located on the front side (anterior aspect) of the body. Divided up by the diaphragm
