Face/Neck/Trunk Test Prep

Question 1

3 types of Muscular Tissue

Answer 1

1. Cardiac: heart
2. Skeletal: bone attachment
3. Smooth: internal organs

Question 2

Anatomy Structures in Skeletal Muscles

Answer 2

1. Connective Tissue,
2. Muscle,
3. Tendons,
4. superficial and deep fascia
5. Aponeurosis
6. Retinacula

Question 3

Functions of Skeletal Muscles

Answer 3

• Thermogenesis
• Stabilization of the body
• Movement of the body

Question 4

Myofilaments that create a muscle contraction

Answer 4

1. Thin filament: actin
2. Thick filament: myosin

Question 5

Number of Muscles in the body

Answer 5

640+

Question 6

3 parts of a muscle

Answer 6

1. Belly
2. Origin
3. Insertion

Question 7

Excitation Definition for Muscle Contraction

Answer 7

Neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites on the motor end plate to cause an impulse that travelers through the T tubules into the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) that releases calcium ions that travel through the sarcoplasm into the sarcomeres.

Question 8

Contraction Definition for Muscle Contraction

Answer 8

Calcium ions come into contact with the actin within the sarcomeres that stimulates the proponents and tropomyosin to expose myosin binding. Myosin attaches to the actin (cross bridging) and creates a power stroke. This action is continually repeated as long as ATP and calcium ions are present.

Question 9

Extensibility Definition for Muscle Contraction

Answer 9

The ability for the muscle fibers to be stretched

Question 10

Elasticity Definition for Muscle Contraction

Answer 10

The ability for muscle fibers to return to their pre contracted state.

Question 11

Where ATP is produced

Answer 11

Mitochondria

Question 12

Anaerobic glycosis

Answer 12

During muscle fatigue, the body can convert glycogen to glucose
First Stage:
- Oxygen is not used
- Starts really quick and ends within 30-60 sec
- Produces lactic acid
- lactic acid can be converted to glucose
- oxygen is used (heavy breathing) to process lactic acid

Question 13

Aerobic Glycosis

Answer 13

During muscle fatigue, the body can convert glycogen to glucose
Second Stage:
- uses oxygen to produce the same as 36 ATP molecules
- expels carbon dioxide through mitochondrial cellular respiration
- continues as long as oxygen is available.

Question 14

Gliding Filament Model (Simple Definition)

Answer 14

Muscle Contraction

Question 15

All-or-none Response

Answer 15

• after a nerve impulse begins, it will be conducted at maximum capacity, without fluctuations in membrane potential and without any decrease in magnitude
• if the stimulus is sufficient, the muscle fibers associated with the motor unit will contract to their fullest extent

Question 16

Tendon Definition

Answer 16

A cord of tough fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Question 17

Muscle Strain Classifications

Answer 17

1. Overstretch
2. Minor Tear
3. Major Tear

Question 18

Isometric Contraction

Answer 18

• no movement occurs
• muscle length remains the same
• static contraction

Question 19

Eccentric Contraction

Answer 19

• muscle lengthens and oppose concentric contractions

Question 20

Concentric Contractions

Answer 20

• muscle shortens

Question 21

Isotonic Contractions

Answer 21

• dynamic contractions
• involves movement
• includes both concentric and eccentric contractions

Question 22

Origin

Answer 22

Attachment on less moveable bone

Question 23

Insertion

Answer 23

Attachment on more moveable bone

Question 24

Belly

Answer 24

Wide, central portion of the muscle that contains sarcomeres

Question 25

Functional Reversibility

Answer 25

Occurs when muscles reverse their relationship between attachment sites and muscle organs move toward insertions

Question 26

Agonist/Prime Mover

Answer 26

- primary muscle responsible for a specific movement - causes desired muscle action

Question 27

Antagonist

Answer 27

Lengthens muscle when agonist performs desired action

Question 28

Synergist

Answer 28

Assists prime mover

Question 29

Neutralizer

Answer 29

Cancels unwanted movement at the insertion

Question 30

Fixator

Answer 30

Muscles that act to stabilize a body part

Question 31

Unarticular

Answer 31

Crosses 1 joint

Question 32

Biarticular

Answer 32

Crosses 2 joints

Question 33

Multiarticular

Answer 33

Crosses 3 or more joints

Question 34

Sarcomere

Answer 34

Basic units of muscle contraction

Question 35

Myofibril

Answer 35

Slender strands in muscle fibers laying side by side

Question 36

Tonus

Answer 36

Muscle tone

Question 37

Atrophy

Answer 37

Muscle Wasting

Question 38

Sherrington’s Law of Reciprocal Innervation

Answer 38

The inability for a contraction to happen in an antagonist when a prime mover is contracting

Question 39

Proprioceptors

Answer 39

Areas of the body that relay messages about where the body part is within space such as the **Golgi tendon organ** and **muscle spindles**

Question 40

Pain Spasm Pain Cycle

Answer 40

- The cycle of responses in the muscle fibers that continues unless intervened on my external force such as massage or ice bath - Cycle: >Neurotransmitters initiate spinal reflex causing muscle spasm > increase tissue damage by decreased blood and oxygen supply > Tissue Injury > Nociceptor Activation > Pain stimulus to spinal cord > stimulus to brain

Question 41

Gate Control Theory of Pain

Answer 41

The ability for the mind to receive messages of pain and to use methods to open or close other receptors for pain

Question 42

Strain

Answer 42

Stress/Tear on tendon

Question 43

Sprain

Answer 43

Stress/tear on ligament

Question 44

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Answer 44

- Skull - hyoid - vertebral column - sternum - ribs

Question 45

Bones of the Cranium

Answer 45

- 1 frontal - 2 parietal - 2 temporal - 1 occipital - 1 sphenoid - 1 ethmoid

Question 46

Sutures

Answer 46

Fibrous joints between bones typically found in the skull

Question 47

Hyoid (Special Characteristic)

Answer 47

Does not articulate directly with any other bone

Question 48

Nuchal Ligament Location

Answer 48

- External pccipital protuberance to C7 - Connects all cervical vertebrae via spontaneous processes

Question 49

Subluxation

Answer 49

Partial loss of contact between 2 articulating surfaces in a joint

Question 50

Muscle regions that generally **flex**

Answer 50

- anterior side of trunk & upper extremity - posterior side of lower extremity - muscles running superior to inferior

Question 51

Muscle regions that generally **extend**

Answer 51

- posterior side of trunk & upper extremity - anterior side of lower extremity - muscles running superior to inferior

Question 52

Muscle regions that generally **adduct**

Answer 52

- medial side

Question 53

Muscle regions that generally **abduct**

Answer 53

- lateral side

Question 54

Muscle running _ generally **rotate**

Answer 54

Obliquely

Question 55

Muscles generally have _(#)_ actions

Answer 55

2

Question 56

Muscles located on opposite sides of eachother

Answer 56

prime movers & antagonists

Question 57

Movements that occur at the neck

Answer 57

- Flexion _*Sternocleidomastoid*_ *Scalenus anterior* *Scalenus medius* - Extension ***Trapezius*** *Splenius capitis * *Splenius cervicis* *Rectus capitis posterior major* *Rectus capitis posterior minor* *Oblique capitis superior* *Longissimus* - Lateral Flexion ***Trapezius*** *Levator Scapulae* *Scalenes* *Splenius capitis* *Splenius cervicis* *Oblique capitis superior* - Rotation ***Trapezius*** _*Sternocleidomastoid*_ *Scalenus anterior* *Scalenus medius* *Splenius capitis* *Splenius cervicis* *Rectus capitis posterior major* *Oblique capitis inferior*

Question 58

Deglutition Muscles

Answer 58

**Suprahyoid Muscles** - Digastric - Mylohyoid - Geniohyoid - Stylohyoid **Infrahyoid Muscles** - Omohyoid - Thyrohyoid - Sternothyroid - Sternohyoid

Question 59

Muscles of Mastication & Temporomandibular Joint

Answer 59

- Masseter - Temporalis - Lateral Pterygoid - Medial Pterygoid

Question 60

Suboccipital Muscles

Answer 60

- Rectus capitis posterior major - Rectus capitis posterior minor - Oblique capitis inferior - Oblique capitis superior

Question 61

Galea Aponeurotica

Answer 61

- sheet of fascia that connects the frontalis with the occipitalis

Question 62

Fascial Sphincter Muscle

Answer 62

Orbicularis oris

Question 63

Risorius

Answer 63

- Latin for laughing

Question 64

Digastric

Answer 64

- literally means 2 bellies

Question 65

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 65

**Origin:** - Manubrium of the sternum - Medial 1/3 of clavicle **Insertion:** - Mastoid Process - Superior Nuchal Line **Actions:** - laterally flexes neck - rotates the head to the opposite side - flexes the neck - elevates the sternum during forced inhalation

Question 66

Anterior Scalenes

Answer 66

**Origin:** - TP of C3-C6 **Insertion:** - Rib 1 (superior surface) **Actions:** - flexes the neck - lateral flexes the neck - rotates the head - elevates the 1st rib during forced inhalation

Question 67

Middle Scalene

Answer 67

**Origin:** - TP of C2-C7 **Insertion:** - Rib 1 (superior surface) **Actions:** -

Question 68

Posterior Scalene

Answer 68

**Origin:** - TP of C5-C7 **Insertion:** - Rib 2 (superior lateral surface) **Actions:** -

Question 69

Splenius Capitis

Answer 69

**Origin:** - Nuchal Ligament @ C3 -SP C7-T4 **Insertion:** - Mastoid Process - Superior nuchal line - lateral region **Actions:** -

Question 70

Splenius Cervicus

Answer 70

**Origin:** - SP of T3-T6 **Insertion:** - TP of C1-C3 **Actions:** -

Question 71

Frontalis*

Answer 71

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** - Raises Eyebrows

Question 72

Occipitalis*

Answer 72

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** - Allows movement over the scalp

Question 73

Orbicularis Oculi

Answer 73

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** - Closes the eyelid - Winks - Squints - Blinks

Question 74

Orbicularis Oris

Answer 74

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** - Closes mouth - protrudes lips

Question 75

Zygomaticus Major*

Answer 75

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** - Lifts corner of mouth upwards for smiling

Question 76

Buccinator

Answer 76

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** - Whistling - Blowing a trumpet

Question 77

Platysma

Answer 77

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions: ** - Tenses anterior neck as in shaving

Question 78

Temporalis*

Answer 78

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions: ** - clench jaw - Closes jaw - Elevates jaw - Retracts Jaw

Question 79

Cranial Sutures

Answer 79

1. Sagittal 2. Squamosal 3. Coronal 4. Lambdoidal

Question 80

Cranial Bones

Answer 80

1. Ethmoid 2. Frontal 3. Occipital 4. Parietal 5. Sphenoid 6. Temporal

Question 81

Fascial Bones

Answer 81

1. Lacrimal 2. Mandible 3. Nasal Bones 4. Palatine 5. Vomer bone 6. Inferior Nasal Concha 7. Maxillae 8. Zygomatic

Question 82

Cervical Vertebrae/Neck

Answer 82

1. Atlantooccipital 2. Axis 3. Hyoid

Question 83

Zygomaticus Minor*

Answer 83

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** - sneer - smile with teeth

Question 84

Masseter*

Answer 84

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** - elevates jaw - protracts jaw

Question 85

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor*

Answer 85

**Origin:** - SP of C1 **Insertion:** - Medial inferior nuchal line **Actions:** - extends the head

Question 86

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major*

Answer 86

**Origin:** - SP of C2 **Insertion:** - lateral inferior nuchal line **Actions:** - extends head - rotates the head

Question 87

Rectus Abdominis

Answer 87

**Origin:** - pubic symphysis - pubic tubercle **Insertion:** - ribs 5-7 - xiphoid process **Actions:** -

Question 88

External Oblique

Answer 88

**Origin:** - anterior iliac crest - abdominal fascia or aponeurosis - pubic crest **Insertion:** - ribs 5-12 **Actions:** -

Question 89

Internal Oblique

Answer 89

**Origin:** - iliac crest - Thoracolumbar fascia - inguinal ligament (lateral half) **Insertion:** - ribs 9-12 **Actions:** -

Question 90

Transverse Abdominis

Answer 90

**Origin:** - ribs 7-12 - Thoracolumbar aponeurosis - inguinal ligament **Insertion:** - abdominal aponeurosis **Actions:** -

Question 91

Quadratus Lumborum

Answer 91

**Origin:** - posterior iliac crest **Insertion:** - rib 12 - TP of L1-L4 **Actions:** -

Question 92

Semispinalis

Answer 92

**Origin:** - TP of 1 vertebral segment (cervical and thoracic regions) **Insertion:** - b/w inferior and superior nuchal lines - SP of 5th, 6th, 7th vertebral segments above **Actions:** -

Question 93

Multifidus

Answer 93

**Origin:** - TP of 1 vertebral segment **Insertion:** - SP of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th vertebral segments above **Actions:** -

Question 94

Rotatores

Answer 94

**Origin:** - TP of 1 vertebral segment **Insertion:** - SP of the 1st or 2nd vertebral segment above **Actions:** -

Question 95

Spinalis

Answer 95

**Origin:** - SP of C7, - Nuchal ligament - SP of upper/lower lumbar/thoracic vertebrae **Insertion:** - SP of C2 and upper thoracic - occipital bone **Actions:** -

Question 96

Longissimus

Answer 96

**Origin:** - Posterior Sacrum - TP of T1-T5 - TP of L1-L5 TP of C5-C7 **Insertion:** - Mastoid Process - TP of C2-T12 - Ribs 4-12 (posterior surface) **Actions:** -

Question 97

Iliocostalis

Answer 97

**Origin:** - Posterior Iliac Crest - Posterior sacrum - ribs 3-12 (posterior surface) **Insertion:** - ribs 1-12 (posterior surface) - TP of C4-C7 **Actions:** -

Question 98

Diaphragm

Answer 98

**Origin:** - T12-L2 - Ribs 6-12 - Sternum (xiphoid process) **Insertion:** - central tendon **Actions:** -

Question 99

External Intercostals

Answer 99

**Origin:** - inferior border of rib (above) **Insertion:** - superior border of rib (below) **Actions:** -

Question 100

Internal Intercostals

Answer 100

**Origin:** - Superior border of rib (below) **Insertion:** - inferior border of rib (above) **Actions:** -

Question 101

Serratus Posterior Superior*

Answer 101

**Origin:** - SP of C7-T3 **Insertion:** - ribs 2-5 **Actions:** -

Question 102

Serratus Posterior Inferior*

Answer 102

**Origin:** - SP of T11-L2 **Insertion:** - ribs 9-12 **Actions:** -

Question 103

Pectoralis Minor*

Answer 103

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** -

Question 104

Pectoralis Major*

Answer 104

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** -

Question 105

Trapezius*

Answer 105

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** -

Question 106

Rhomboids Major*

Answer 106

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** -

Question 107

Rhomboids Minor*

Answer 107

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** -

Question 108

Serratus Anterior*

Answer 108

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** -

Question 109

Serratus Posterior Inferior*

Answer 109

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** -

Question 110

Serratus Posterior Superior*

Answer 110

**Origin:** - **Insertion:** - **Actions:** -