1830-49 Flashcards
Give 3 examples of Austrian dominance which hindered unity before 1849.
Metternich Said “Italian affairs do not exist”. 1831 5/6 state rulers cried for Austrian help during revolutions (duchess Marie Louise, Parma). Family alliances (dukes of Tuscany+Modena cousins of Austrian emperor).
How did Austrian absence show the extent of Austrian opposition before 1849?
1848 revolutions had initial success in Naples/Sicily, later in central duchies due to Austrian absence due to uprising in Vienna. Once Austria regained control, they crushed Charles Albert at battle of customs (July 1848) and battle of Nicaea (March 1849). ONLY SUCCESS DUE TO ABSENCE.
Give some examples of socio-economic divides which hindered unity before 1849.
2.5% spoke Italian, no National language until 1840s. 90% Roman Catholic, reactionary education with church. Only northern states industrialising while south diseased with malaria. 1836 65k died from cholera Sicily, blamed Naples. Riots 1820s/1840s about food not politics. Life expectancy in 1840s Naples 24 (overcrowding, poor sanitation). 1848 Sicily and Naples fighting for seperation. SLOW PROGRESS.
How did divided aims of revolutionary groups hinder unity before 1849?
Mazzinian republicanism.
Liberals want constitutional monarchy.
Nationalist want Risorgimento unity.
Neo-Guelphs want federation of states led by pope.
Albertisti want constitutional monarchy led by king of Piedmont.
Federati want constitutional government with moderate aims.
Give some examples of divided politics/methods that hindered unity before 1849.
Mazzini wanted Revolution from below while Azeglio wanted one from above. Political apathy major barrier- no understanding. SMALL AND SCATTERED GEOUPS AND AIMS- easier for Austria to conquer.
What were the divided aims of secret societies?
Carbonara 60k members (mostly south) wanted constitutions, not anti-Austrian. Spillo Negro Papal States anti-Austrian + liberal. Young Italy 1831 wanted representative democracy and republic. TOO SMALL NO SUPPORT
Give some examples of how the failures of nationalism hindered unity before 1849.
1844 Bandiera Brothers and 9 others executed for trying to invade Calabria. Risorgimento movement- art, books, music only accessed by elite and literate. Failed revolutions Modena-Parma then Papal States in 1830/31, put down by Austrians.
How was the intervention of Austrian powers responsible for the failures of the 1848 revolutions?
Initially weakened, March 1848 withdrew into Venetia quadrilateral from Lombardy, Metternich fell 1848, weakened by revolts in Vienna. THEN won at custozza (July 1848) and novara (March 1849), collapse of Venetian republic 1849, swept through duchies restoring rulers like Leopold II. Censorship, political prison, secret police.
How was the intervention of French powers responsible for the failures of the 1848 revolutions?
After assassination of PM Rossi pope fled city leaving Roman republic (set hp by triumvirate of Mazzini, Saffi, armelini 1848) for 100 days. Louis nap wanted favour of catholics so universally elected French assembly voted to intervene and restore pope. 20k troops took 2 months to enter Rome, defeat Garibaldi and volunteer army, Rome surrender 1849.
How did the pope cause the failure of the 1848 revolutions?
Papal allocation 1848- not supporting nationalists, turning point for attitudes. Pope request foreign support to restore temporal power of papacy- crushed neo-gulphism. CA lost support of pope, people refuse to join army without church blessing. TRUGGER FOREIGN INVOLVEMENT.
How did the weakness of Piedmont cause the failure of the 1848 revolutions?
1848 Proved foreign dominance could not be defeated alone. Papal allocation+CA refusing to accept recruits unless they swore allegiance- difficult to maintain army. CA focus on preventing mazzinian republicanism spreading from Milan/Venice to Piedmont.
How did the lack of international support help the failure of the 1848 revolutions?
British/French act as mediators in 1848- armistice of salasco aug 1848 (lasted 9 months). CA overestimate French support- nap III didn’t help during 1849 campaign against Austria so Piedmont lost battle of novara 1849. FOREIGN SUPPORT VITAL.
How did nationalism cause the 1848 revolutions?
Mazzini young Italy 1831, 50k members 1833, but didn’t care about peasants or land reform. 1844 bandiera brothers. Balbo’s albertisti favoured Albert led federation, wrote book 1844, more elitist than Mazzini. Gilberto ‘primato’ 1843 neo gulphism. Secret societies (spillo negro, carbonara, confederati). Moderate Risorgimento, raised idea of unity- machiaioli art movement 1840s.
How did social and economic discontent cause the 1848 revolutions?
90% subsistence peasants so economy rely on agriculture- 1846 47 Europe wide crop failures, inflate food prices, hunger politics. Peasants lost communal land in Calabria to ruling class. Textile workers in north redundant (over production)- destroyed machines.
What were the reforms of Pius IX? How did these help the revolutions.
90% catholic. Elected 1846 for moderate stance, released 2k political prisoners- change of “O Summo Pius”. +VE reaction inspire further reforms: judicial reform consults 1847, entered customs union with Tuscany/Piedmont, abolish press censorship 1847. Anti-Austrian, complaint to Metternich 1848 after occupied Ferrara- 1848 Pius denied Austrians right to cross Papal States, CA declare war 1848.
