1850-61 Flashcards
How did the Pact of plombieres aid unity?
July 1858 secret diplomacy Nap III + Cavour- if Austria seen as aggressor France would support Piedmont (Legacy of 1855 Piedmont support in Crimean war). France give 200k soldiers if Piedmont provide 100k, in return for Nice and Savoy.
What was the treaty of villafranca?
FR+Piedmont won battles of Magenta and Solferino during second war of Italian independence- soldering allies 17k dead vs Austria 21k. Armistice signed, Piedmont gained Lombardy, Parma, Magenta- northern unity, but lost nice and savoy.
What was some foreign investment in Piedmont before 1861?
Piedmont reliant on investments like mount cenis tunnel and northern railways- funded by laffite and Rothschild, Genoa-Turin-French border line built 1854. Low interest loans from banks like Rothschild and Hambros, Cavour modernise port of Genoa.
How did Britain support unity before 1861?
Russel and Palmerston favoured self determination- pressure FR and Austria to allow plebiscites after villafranca. Gunboat diplomacy allow Garibaldi to cross straights of messina to take Naples aug 1860.
How did Garibaldi contribute to unity up to 1861?
Expedition to south 1860 with 1.2k volunteers made geographical unity. Land in Sicily and made way to Palermo (capital), defeated 20k troops with help of peasants and mafia. Cross straights of messina aug 1860 )
(Helped by gunboat diplomacy), went to Naples gathering army of 60k. Meeting at Teano Oct 1860 with VEII, Gazza gave over south.
How did the National society help with progress towards unity in 1861?
Formed 1857 by nationalist exiles in Piedmont (Daniele manin) encouraged Piedmontese rule. Secure unified force during divisions (from piedmontisation). Russel’s public support. Pamphlets distributed in batches of 3k. BUT 2/3 illiteracy rate, 2% spoke Italian.
How did Piedmont and VEII help with progress towards unity in 1861?
Imposed unified legal system, judiciary, weights/measures- political unity. VEII 1859 Grido do delore speech- behind unity.
How did Cavour help with progress towards unity in 1861?
Engineered 1858 pact of plombieres with Nap III. Present in Congress of Paris 1856 due to 1855 involvement in Crimean war with 15k soldiers- debt- foreign involvement. Economic policies help Piedmont and mean French would protect their investments from Austrian Dominance. 1857 Cavour canal, modernised port of Genoa. Piedmont left with 2450 million lire deficit, doubled after taking on debts of smaller states. Zollverein free trade agreement between German states weakened Austria. International trade x3 1850s.
What warfare events aided unity?
Second war of Italian independence 1859 (treaty of villafranca), 1866 Austro-Prussian war, 1870 Franco-Prussian war
What events was Louis Nap III involved in?
Congress of Paris 1856, pact of Plombieres 1858, second war of Italian independence/ treaty of Villafranca 1859.
How did Cavour show opportunism and little intent to unify?
Pact of plombieres (gave away nice/savoy). Treaty of villafranca 1859 (hardly involved, used NS to organise plebiscites to please GB). Gazza- Denis Mack Smith argued he only accepted south to avoid mazzinians gaining government- Reinvaded Papal States to stop war threat with FR- but happy after teano.
How did Cavour show opposition to Mazzini?
1853 warned Austria about mazzinian attack on Milan- only interested in protecting Piedmont constitutional monarchy. Pete secure radicals and suppress press when Mazzini revolt in Genoa 1857. French disliked Mazzini.
How did Cavour show political developments show his aim to unify?
1855 appointed himself PM, foreign, and finance minister for stable gov and modernisation- proactive role. Administrative financial reforms 1852, foreign reforms 1853, army reforms. Pleased right by sacking leftist Ratazzi, ending connubio . International trade x3 1850s.
