Ch.4 Physical, Sensory, and Perceptual Development in Infancy

Question 0

What is Synaptogenesis?

Answer 0

The process of synapse development.

Question 1

What are Synapses?

Answer 1

Connections between neurons.

Question 2

What is Pruning?

Answer 2

The process of eliminating unused synapses.

Question 3

What is Plasticity?

Answer 3

The ability of the brain to change in response to experience.

Question 4

What is Myelenization?

Answer 4

A process in neuronal development in which sheaths made of a substance called myelin gradually cover individual axons and electrically insulate them from one another to improve the conductivity of the nerve.

Question 5

What is Reticular Formation?

Answer 5

The part of the brain that regulates attention.

Question 6

What are Adaptive Reflexes?

Answer 6

Reflexes, such as sucking, that help newborns survive.

Question 7

What are Primitive Reflexes?

Answer 7

Reflexes, controlled by “primitive” parts of the brain, that disappear during the first year of life.

Question 8

What are Circadian Rhythms in regard to babies?

Answer 8

The neurological systems that synchronize their bodily functions with light/dark cycle of the world outside the womb.

Question 9

What is Colic?

Answer 9

An infant behavior pattern involving intense daily bouts of crying totaling 3 or more hours a day.

Question 10

What is the Cephalocaudal Pattern?

Answer 10

The physical development that proceeds from the head downward.

Question 11

What is the Proximodistal Pattern?

Answer 11

The physical development from the center of the body outward.

Question 12

What are Gross Motor Skills?

Answer 12

Include abilities such as crawling that enable the infant to get around in the environment.

Question 13

What are Fine Motor Skills?

Answer 13

Involve use of hands, as when a 1 year old stacks blocks on top of another.

Question 14

What is the Stepping Reflex?

Answer 14

The tendency for very young infants to attempt to take steps when they are placed in an upright position with their feet touching a flat surface.

Question 15

What is the Dynamic Systems Theory?

Answer 15

The view that several factors interact to influence development.

Question 16

What is Macronutrient Malnutrition?

Answer 16

Results from a diet that contains too few calories. Macronutrient Malnutrition is the world’s leading cause of death among children under the age of 5.

Question 17

What is Marasmus?

Answer 17

Occurs when the calorie deficit is severe. Infants with Marasmus weigh less than 60% of what they should at their age, and many suffer from permanent neurological damage from disease.

Question 18

What is Kwashiorkor?

Answer 18

A disease which results from not having enough protein in the diet. Can lead to a variety of health problems as well as permanent brain damage.

Question 19

What is Micronutrient Malnutrition?

Answer 19

A deficiency of certain vitamins and/or minerals.

Question 20

What is Iron-Deficiency Anemia?

Answer 20

A disease which can result from Micronutrient Malnutrition.

Question 21

What is Infant Mortality?

Answer 21

Death within the first year of life.

Question 22

What is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?

Answer 22

A phenomenon in which an apparently healthy infant dies suddenly and unexpectedly.

Question 23

What is Apnea?

Answer 23

Brief periods when an infants breathing suddenly stops-are more likely to die from SIDS.

Question 24

What is the Back to Sleep Campaign?

Answer 24

Campaign in which public health officials used informative materials to educate parents about the need to place infants on their backs rather that on their stomachs to sleep.

Question 25

What is Visual Acuity?

Answer 25

How well one can see details at a distance.

Question 26

What is Tracking?

Answer 26

The smooth movements of the eye used to follow the track of a moving object.

Question 27

What is Auditory Acuity?

Answer 27

How well one can hear?

Question 28

What is Auditory Acuity?

Answer 28

How well one can hear.

Question 29

What is Umami?

Answer 29

The characteristic flavor that comes from adding monosodium glutamate (MSG) to food and which is typical of high-protein foods that are high in glutamates such as meat and cheese.

Question 30

What is the Preference Technique?

Answer 30

A research method in which a researcher keeps track of how long a baby looks at each of two objects.

Question 31

What is Habituation?

Answer 31

A decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus has become familiar.

Question 32

What is Dishabituation?

Answer 32

Responding to a somewhat familiar stimulus as if it were new.

Question 33

What are Binocular Cues?

Answer 33

Involve both eyes, each of which receives a slightly different visual image of an object; the closer the object is, the more different the two views are.

Question 34

What are Monocular Cues?

Answer 34

Requires input from only one eye.

Question 35

What is Interposition?

Answer 35

A cue that when one object is partially in front of another one , you know that the partially hidden object is farther away.

Question 36

What is Linear Perspective?

Answer 36

Like the impression that railroad lines are getting closer together as they get farther away. Type of monocular cue.

Question 37

What are Kinetic Cues?

Answer 37

Cues that come from either your own motion or the motion of som object.
Ex: If you move your head, objects near you seem to move more than objects farther away. (Phenomenon called motion parallax)

Question 38

What is Intermodal Perception?

Answer 38

Formation of a single perception of a stimulus that is based on information from two or more senses.