1898-1911 Flashcards
(25 cards)
1
Q
Event
Event: Double Tenth Revolution
A
- Bomb explodes suddenly on 10/10/11
- Qing police arrive, find list of names of soldiers in the New Army loyal to the TMH
- Rather than await arrest, pro-TMH New Army soldiers take Wuhan, and within 6 weeks 15 other provinces follow suite (of 24)
- Sun Yat-sen was not in China at the time - was raising funds overseas
- Ultimately Pu Yi is forced to abdicate, ending the rule of the Manchu dynasty
2
Q
Event
Event: Government Reform
- 3P (2: 3SP)
A
- TF: 1901-1909
- New Government (Xinzheng)
- Introduced many reforms:
- Confucian examination system phased out
- Modern schools introduced
- ‘New Armies’: Higher pay, better weapons and training
- Cixi and Guangxu meet with foreign officials
3
Q
Event
Event: Railways Recovery Movement
- Trigger:
- 3P (2: 1SP; 3: 2SP)
A
- Trigger: 9 May 1911
- Shenshi’s and other intellectuals drive a national ‘buy-back’ scheme of the railway
- This project is taken over by the Court with nationalisation of railways, 9 May 1911
- To pay for this nationalisation, the Court borrowed large sums of money from foreign banks to pay shenshis and locals (insufficiently)
- This infuriated the Chinese people:
- Made the railways (effectively) the property of foreigners until the loan was paid
- Seen as loss of face; another concession(give in) to the foreigners
4
Q
Event
Event: The Boxer Protocol
- TF:
- 2P (2: 3SP)
A
- TF: September 1901
- Foreign powers’ conditions of end of war with China
- Boxer Protocol included:
- Payment of 450 million silver dollars (2x gov’t annual revenue)
- Permanent guard patrolling foreign legations in Beijing
- Imperial examinations in Boxer areas suspended for 5 years
5
Q
Event
Event: The Boxer Uprising
- TF:
- 3P
A
- TF: 1899-August 1900
- The Court released many Imperial edicts legitimising the Boxers (1899-1900)
- June 1900: Boxers reach Beijing, Court declares war on foreign powers
- 14 August 1900: Foreign powers supress Boxer Uprising, Cixi and Guangxu flee
6
Q
Event
The Hundred Days of Reform
- TF:
- 4P (1: 3SP)
A
- TF: June-September 1898
- Emperor Guangxu, under influence of Neo-Confucian scholar Kang Youwei, implements radical (for the time) reforms:
- End to Confucian examinations
- Right of ordinary citizens to petition the emperor directly
- Better accountancy of Court Spending
- Attempts to arrest Cixi through Yuan Shikai
- Yuan ‘dobs’ and Cixi has Guangxu placed under house arrest
- Cixi assumes powers of regency until her death
7
Q
Overview
Event: The Railways Recovery Movement
- TF:
- 5P
A
- TF:9 May 1911
- Central government issues imperial edict to nationalise the entire system
- Needs foreign money to complete transaction = significant borrowing from foreign banks
- After nationalisation, not enough compensation paid to Shenshi’s and merchants
- it was believed that the foreign loan was yet another concession to the foreigners
- This further humiliation was too much for many to bear
- Loan meant that the railway was effectively owned by foreigners until it was paid
8
Q
Overview
Long Term Causes: Fall of the Qing
- 7P
A
- Long Term:
- Impact of foreign imperialism
- Spheres of influence, concessions, treaty ports
- Insular nature of China
- China didn’t advance militarily
- Bureaucracy of Imperial System
- Corrupt, conservative, rich (Conf. exam and bribery)
- Qing - ethnic minority from Manchuria
- Han Chinese did not like this
- Ideals under pressure
- Confucianism, Mandate of Heaven was being ousted by Western ideals
- Issues with peasantry
- Peasants made up most of Chinese population; exploitation by landowners made peasants pay 10 years in advance
- Impact of foreign imperialism
9
Q
Views
Short Term Causes: Fall of the Qing
- 3P
A
Short Term Causes:
- Increasing revolutionary sentiment
- Sun Yat Sen, Tongmenghui were stirring the revolutionary pot
- Lack of action on reforms
- Reforms after Boxer Rebellion half-hearted and delayed due to conservative Court officials
- Death of Cixi
- “Her death led to a lack of control over the empire” (Morgan)
10
Q
Stats/Dates
Stats: Double Tenth Revolution
A
- 29 December 1911: Provisional Gov’t of Republic of China declared
- 1 January 1912: Sun Yat-sen made president of RoC
11
Q
Stats/Dates
Stats: Government Reform
A
Irrelevant
12
Q
Stats/Dates
Stats: Railways Recovery Movement
A
- 93.08% of China’s railway system until 1911 was owned by foreign powers
- Zugu: Sichuan’s method of rent taxation in raising railway revenue
13
Q
Stats/Dates
Stats: The Boxer Protocol
- TF:
- 2P
A
- TF: September 1901
- 450 million silver dollars
- Imperial examinations in Boxer areas suspended for 5 years
14
Q
Stats/Dates
Stats: The Boxer Uprising
- TF:
- 3P
A
- TF: 1899-August 1900
- 250 Westerners, tens of thousands of Chinese Christians killed by Boxers
- June 1900: Court declares war on foreign powers
- Foreign powers control Beijing for 18 months
15
Q
Stats/Dates
Stats: The Hundred Days of Reform
- TF:
- 2P
A
- TF: June-September 1898
- Cixi executes 6 Neo-Confucian scholars
- Cixi rules until her death
16
Q
Overview
Overview: Sun Yat-sen and the Tongmenghui
A
- Sun, and ideologue, made the Three People’s Principles:
- Nationalism
- Democracy
- People’s Livelihood
- Quote from manifesto: ‘We will remodel the laws… ensure religious toleration and the cultivation of better relations…’
- Formed the Tongmenghui in 1905 and organised 10 failed uprisings
- Was not in China when the Double 10th occurred
- Became provisional president of China 1 Jan 1912; stepped aside for Yuan in February 1912
17
Q
Overview
Triggers: Fall of the Qing
- 2P
A
Triggers:
- Wuhan Uprising
- Double 10th, guns get on board, China falls
- Yuan Shikai’s shifting allegiance
- Yuan’s deal with TMH and Court officials; Pu Yi abdicates and Sun offers Yuan presidency
18
Q
Views
Views: Double Tenth Revolution
A
Morgan:
- The catalyst for the fall of the Qing dynasty
Ryan:
- The weakness of the Court allowed even an unprepared and indecisive revolutionary movement to gain the upper hand
19
Q
Views
Views: Government Reform
A
- Cixi:
- They seem to think we are only Chinese and do not know anything
- Moie
- The governments’ initial steps towards modernization drastically increased the number of people who expected rapid progress, and many of them turned against the dynasty when their expectations could not be met
- Ryan:
- On the whole… the Qing reforms fulfilled the hopes of very few
20
Q
Views
Views: Railways Recovery Movement
- 2V
A
Ryan:
- The debacle of the Railways Recovery Movement would prove to be the final Crisis of the old Regime
Li Chiehjen:
- Our iron road, sold to foreigners
- ‘Sweated money for our iron road’
21
Q
Views
Views: Sun Yat-sen and the Tongmenghui
A
Moise:
- The final collapse of the Qing Dynasty was to a considerable extent inspired by… Sun Yat-sen
Fairbank:
- [Sun deserves] A for effort
Ryan:
- The vision of Sun Yat-sen… popularised the idea that revolution… [was] the key to modernising China
22
Q
Views
Views: The Boxer Protocol
- 3V
A
Ryan:
- [Boxer Protocol was] the culmination of China’s humiliation at the hands of foreign powers
Lynch:
- [Courts’ use of Boxers] unwise as it had been ineffective
Seagrave:
- [Cixi] paralysed by indecision
Cixi (to Robert Hart)
- All due to ignorance
23
Q
Views
Views: The Boxer Uprising
- 3V
A
Fairfield:
- [Cixi’s Ironhats] the most die-hard Manchu princes
Boxer Poetry:
- No rain comes from Heaven, The earth is parched and dry. And all because the churches Have bottled up the sky
Hsu:
- The war dogs had been released
24
Q
Views
The Hundred Days of Reform
- 4Q
A
Kang:
- China is in imminent peril
- [Of Guangxu’s advisors] Climbing a tree to seek fish
Immanuel Hsu:
- [Kang] an idealist and philosopher rather than a practical statesman
Ryan:
- [of HDR] Signified the unwillingness of the conservatives… to adopt change by peaceful means
25
# Views
Views: The Railways Recovery Movement
* 2V
* Ryan: 'The debacle of the Railways Recovery Movement would prove to be the final Crisis of the old Regime'
* Li Chiehjen: 'Our iron road, sold to foreigners'
