1927-1937

Question 1

Event: CCP Factionalism

Answer 1

• Repression of CCP so strong that 6th Party Congress held in Moscow - July 1928
• Li Lisan elected - strong supporter of urban revolution (opposed Mao)
• Mao removed from Politburo November 1929
• ‘Li Lisan line’ not working - dismissed 1931
• 28 Bolsheviks put into power

Question 2

Views: CCP Factionalism

Answer 2

Ryan:

• Chinese Communists were in disarray

Question 3

Event: The Jiangxi Soviet

• TF:
• 5P

Answer 3

• TF: 1929-1933
• Mao established Jiangxi Soviet January 1929
• Red Army Reform: All win respect of peasants
  
  • Three Main Rules of Discipline
  • Eight Points for Attention
  • Guerilla tactics
• Social Reform:
  
  • Reading classes for soldiers
  • Campaigns against foot binding, child slavery
• Use of Peasantry:
  
  • ‘The peasants are the sea; we are the fish. The sea is our habitat’
• Mao loses influence due to 28 Bolshevik politics

Question 4

Stats: The Jiangxi Soviet

Answer 4

• Jiangxi: 30,000 sqkm
• Governed 3 million people
• Initially had 1000 soldiers
• Land reform in 1930 similar to Land Reform Law of 1947
• Jiangxi Soviet Membership:
  
  • 1928 - 40 000
  • 1930 - 122 000
  • 1933 - 300 000

Question 5

Views: The Jiangxi Soviet

Answer 5

Mao:

• [His soldiers] They are all human beings

Davin:

• Jiangxi ‘a social laboratory’

Question 6

Event: The Futian Purges

• TP:
• 2P

Answer 6

• TP: October 1930
• Mao feared Red Army units loyalty questionable
• Initiates a purge, executing 20,000

Question 7

Stats: The Futian Purges

Answer 7

• 20,000 executed
• 200 executed in good faith - Mao called the meeting in good faith

Question 8

Views: The Futian Purges

Answer 8

Teiwes:

Clearest example of Mao’s willingness to ignore persuasion and opt for coercive methods

Question 9

Overview: The Nationalist Decade

• TF:
• 4P

Answer 9

• TF:1927-1937
• Chiang establishes Nanjing Nationalist Gov’t April 1927 after White Terror
• Chiang headed government as chairman of State Council - Assumed title of Generalissimo
• Marked by regionalism; militarist governors broke away and ruled their domains independently
• Many modernisation programmes undertaken

Question 10

Stats: The Nationalist Decade

• 4S

Answer 10

• GMD killed 300,000 people
• 80% of spending went into paying off debts and funding military
• 20 of 33 foreign concessions given up
• 69500 complaints filed: 268 investigated; 13 sacked

Question 11

Views: The Nationalist Decade

• 2V

Answer 11

Bianco:

• Peace and order were relative… unification… was more apparent than real

Hsu:

• Beneath the [government’s] veneer of progress lay fundamental problems of social and economic injustices

Question 12

Event: Modernisation in the Nationalist Decade

• 4P

Answer 12

• Transport and communications: Chinese airline founded; railways expanded considerably
• Industry: Electric power plants; new hospitals
• Finance: Reform in banking and currency sector
• Chinese Sovereignty: 20 of 33 foreign concessions administered by European powers given up

Question 13

Stats: Modernisation in the Nationalist Decade

Answer 13

20 of 33 foreign concessions administered by European powers given up

Question 14

Views: The Nationalist Decade

Answer 14

Ryan

• China began to gain respect from other nations

Question 15

Event: Challenges during the Nationalist Decade

Answer 15

• Taxation: Taxes for ‘army mules’ and ‘kettles’
• Corruption

Question 16

Stats: Challenges during the Nationalist Decade

Answer 16

• Sichuan Taxation: 38 years in advance
• 69500 complaints filed: 268 investigated; 13 sacked

Question 17

Views: Corruption during the Nationalist Decade

Answer 17

Ryan:

• Corruption and bureaucratic lethargy abounded in city and country areas

Chiang:

• Many staff members… read newspapers and still others sleep

Tawny:

• [Chinese Farmers] Up to his neck in water so that even a ripple is sufficient to drown him

Question 18

Event: The New Life Movement

Answer 18

• TF: 1934-?
• Movement to re-establish traditional and conservative values to oppose popularity of Communism
  
  • Emphasising the virtues of integrity, conscientiousness, etiquette and justice
  • Outlawed Gambling, having permed hair, smoking, men and women walking arm in arm in the street (96 rules)
• Meiling Soong, Chiangs’ wife, was a Methodist: ‘there’s Methodism in this madness’
• Shanghai’s Opium Suppression Bureau: Led by Big Ears Du, Green Gang boss

Question 19

Stats/Dates: The New Life Movement

Answer 19

• Movement initiated February 1934
• Communist Figure: 300,000 people killed by GMD during the Nationalist Decade

Question 20

Views: The New Life Movement

Answer 20

Morgan:

• [The New Life Movement] became a form of harassment and interference in the personal lives of the Chinese

Mitter:

• New Life Movement ‘create a citizenry that was self-aware, politically conscious, and committed to the nation’

Fascist Chiang:

• Fascism is now what China most needs

Fitzgerald:

• China ‘groaned under a regime [that was] Fascist in every quality except efficiency’

Question 21

Event: War with Japan

Answer 21

• End of 1931: Japan controls Manchuria
• February 1932: Manchuko ‘land of the Manchu’ created; Pu Yi as Emperor
• 1935: 5 more provinces under Japanese control

Question 22

Dates: War with Japan

Answer 22

February 1932: Manchuko

1935: 5 more provinces under Japanese control

Question 23

Views: War with Japan

Answer 23

Fairbank:

• Chiang’s ‘fate was determined almost from the first by the menace of Japanese militarism’

Question 24

Event: Encirclement Campaigns:

Answer 24

• Chiang’s attempt to destroy the Jiangxi soviet - 5 campaigns, each with many troops (3rd had 300,000)
• Chiang gets a new adviser, von Seeckt, who utilised new tactics
• 30,000 strong Zhu-Mao army and the rest were not able to cope with new tactics of 5th campaign - establishing bases around Jiangxi
• Guerrilla tactics weren’t working

Question 25

Stats: Encirclement Campaigns

Answer 25

* September 1934: 60 of 70 Communist counties had fallen

Question 26

Views: Encirclement Campaigns

Answer 26

Chiang: * The Japanese are a disease of the skin;they can be cured. The Communists are a disease of the soul: it affects the whole body Peng Duhuai to Braun: * Your plan has produced heavy casualties… Do you feel no pain in your heart?'

Question 27

Event: The Long March/Zunyi Conference

Answer 27

* 16 October 1934: 80,000 soldiers and 20,000 CCP support staff leave * Arrival at Zunyi: Conference held, criticising Bo Gu and Braun * Mao's ascendancy; promoted back to the Politburo * Marching North to fight the Japanese

Question 28

Stats: The Long March/Zunyi Conference

Answer 28

Of 100,000 leaving Jiangxi, only 7000-8000 survived

Question 29

Views: The Long March/Zunyi Conference

Answer 29

Braun: * Central Triad of the faction which waged a subversive struggle to take over the Party and Army leadership Zhou Enlai: * Mao had 'been right all the time and we should listen to him' Short: * Mao's [sound planning] confounded Chiang Kai-shek's planners and perplexed even many of his own commanders' Snow: * The biggest armed propaganda tour in history

Question 30

Event: The Xi'an Incident

Answer 30

* Chiang kidnapped December 1936 * Grudgingly agreed to a cease-fire and establishment of a second united front with the Communists * Second United Front established September 1937

Question 31

Consequences: The Xi'an Incident

Answer 31

Establishment of Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army