18th and 19th Century Medecine + Modern Era

Question 1

what were attitudes like in the 18th-19th Century?

Answer 1

becoming less “laissez-faire” and more open to science and rationality

Question 2

what was the government like in the 18th-19th Century?

Answer 2

-they promoted vaccinations
-create public health acts
-funded research

Question 3

when did people stop believing the Miasma Theory?

Answer 3

when Germ Theory and Jon Snow’s research were discovered

Question 4

what did the Great Stink of 1858 prove?

Answer 4

how filthy the conditions were

Question 5

what did Jon Snow do?

Answer 5

he traced cholera back to a contaminated water pump in Broad Street

Question 6

what did Jenner do in 1796?

Answer 6

smeared cowpox pus on a 8yr old’s cut making him mildly ill, but he was now immune to smallpox

Question 7

how many did smallpox kill?

Answer 7

1 in 3 people

Question 8

what Latin word did ‘vaccination’ come from?

Answer 8

vacca

Question 9

when did it become compulsory to give the vaccination to babies?

Answer 9

1853

Question 10

what did Florence Nightingale see?

Answer 10

the dirty and overcrowded hospitals during the Crimean War

Question 11

what did Nightingale do to reduce reduce illness?

Answer 11

-separate patients
-allow clean air flow
-wash patient’s beddings

Question 12

what did Nightingale reduce the death rate by in hospitals?

Answer 12

40% to 2%

Question 13

when did Nightingale publish a book called ‘notes for nursing’?

Answer 13

1859

Question 14

what did Koch want to prove correct?

Answer 14

Pasteur’s Germ Theory

Question 15

what did Koch do by 1900?

Answer 15

he identified 21 disease-causing germs

Question 16

when did Simpson find chloroform?

Answer 16

1847

Question 17

what was chloroform?

Answer 17

it was an extremely effective anaesthetic, and it could replace ether

Question 18

when did the religious opposition to chloroform stop?

Answer 18

after Queen Victoria used it during childbirth

Question 19

when did Lister discover carbolic acid?

Answer 19

1867

Question 20

what did Lister discover about carbolic acid?

Answer 20

it could prevent high rates of death by infection

Question 21

what was the death rate before and after the discovery of carbolic acid?

Answer 21

46% to 15%

Question 22

what happened by 1887?

Answer 22

all instruments were sterilised

Question 23

what happened in the 1900’s?

Answer 23

all surgeons began to wear sterilised:
-gowns
-masks
-gloves
and use better tools such as scalpels

Question 24

what did Liston ( NOT LISTER) do?

Answer 24

amputated a leg in two and a half minutes but cut the patient’s testicles off

Question 25

what did Britain do with Pasteur and Koch’s findings?

Answer 25

translated and lectured the ideas, Menai g they spread quickly

Question 26

what were three problems with public health in the 19th Century?

Answer 26

-Industrial Revolution led to working conditions worsening -population growth -families crammed into shared rooms -outbreaks of epidemics, like cholera, spread quickly

Question 27

what was the aim of the 1848 public health act?

Answer 27

to improve public health and sanitation in towns and cities

Question 28

what were two advantages of the Public Health Act in 1848?

Answer 28

-a national board of health was set up -councils were encouraged to collect taxes to pay for Public Health improvements

Question 29

what was one consequence of the Public Health Act in 1848?

Answer 29

local councils were not forced to follow these policies, so it was ineffective

Question 30

what act allowed councils to clear slums and build better homes for working families?

Answer 30

The 1875 Artisans Dwellings Act

Question 31

what type of laws were introduced in 1876?

Answer 31

laws against river pollution

Question 32

how many people died from cholera?

Answer 32

20,000

Question 33

what was the ‘Black Period’ in the 19th Century?

Answer 33

when surgeons used chloroform to attempt more complex surgeries - death rate increased due to loss of blodd

Question 34

what did Fleming discover in 1928?

Answer 34

an antibiotic called penicillin

Question 35

what did Florey and Chain do in 1938?

Answer 35

they started research in penicillin and was given £25 by the government

Question 36

when did they find out that penicillin worked on humans?

Answer 36

1941

Question 37

when did mass production of penicillin begin?

Answer 37

1944 - there was around 2.3 million doses in a few days

Question 38

what did Crick and Watson discover in 1953?

Answer 38

the structure of DNA

Question 39

what did the Human Genome Project help to identify?

Answer 39

diseases caused by genetics rather than just using Germ Theory

Question 40

when were electron microscopes invented?

Answer 40

1931

Question 41

when were magic bullets created, who made them and what are they?

Answer 41

created in 1909 by Erlich. They target specific bacteria such as pneumonia and scarlet fever

Question 42

when did the NHS come about?

Answer 42

1948

Question 43

what percentage of doctors joined the NHS?

Answer 43

92%

Question 44

how many people were in the waiting lines and why?

Answer 44

over 8 million people as they had never seen a doctor before

Question 45

what qualification was required to become a doctor in the 20th Century and what did it show?

Answer 45

FRCS. showed a more serious attitude towards the profession

Question 46

what did Röntgen discover, when, and why was it useful?

Answer 46

discovered X-Rays in 1895. useful in WW1 for identifying shrapnel wounds

Question 47

what did Marie Curie discover, and why was it useful?

Answer 47

she discovered radium and developed radiotherapy to diagnose and treat cancers

Question 48

what did Landsteiner discover and why was it useful?

Answer 48

discovered blood groups and how the body rejected blood of a different group. it was useful for transfusions in WW1

Question 49

what was added to blood to stop it from clotting?

Answer 49

sodium citrate

Question 50

what did Barnard do and when?

Answer 50

he carried out the first heart transplant in 1967

Question 51

what was developed for polio victims?

Answer 51

iron lungs

Question 52

what did Gilles discover, and why was it useful?

Answer 52

he discovered plastic surgery and created skin grafts in WW1

Question 53

what percentage of lung cancer cases were due to smoking?

Answer 53

90%

Question 54

what was banned related to smoking in the 20th Century?

Answer 54

smoking adverts

Question 55

what was used to warn about the dangers of smoking in the 20th Century?

Answer 55

-cigarettes were no longer advertised -campaigns to warn against the dangers of