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Question 1

Open-Field system?

Answer 1

a system used by peasants where fields were divided into long, narrow strips.

• tradition dictated family followed same pattern
• common lands were open meadows for natural pasture, open to community

Question 2

Western vs eastern peasants

Answer 2

east=stripped of minimal earnings

West=able to possess land of their own/pass it on to children

Question 3

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 3

1. crop rotation to replenish land
   -resulted in many more crops
   2.enclosure, a movement to fence farms
   Jethro Tull-englih, used empirical methods for farming improvements; horses for plowing, sowing seeds with drilling equip.

Question 4

Farming in Netherlands

Answer 4

Netherlands underwent population boom, had a golden 17th century of commerce and trade

• dutch peasants grew produce for markets
• hydro-engineering in Netherlands/England to eliminate excess water+acquire profitable land

Question 5

proletarianization

Answer 5

large number of peasants transformed into landless rural wage earners

Question 6

effect of population growth (17th or earlier)

Answer 6

• outstripped ag. production/less food per person/decline in living standards
• occasional famine, disease, war

Question 7

18th century growth

Answer 7

• bubonic plague disappeared
• water supply and sweage led to sanitation improvements
• strong infrastructure lessened impact of local crop failures
• wars less destructive

Question 8

cottage industry/putting out system

Answer 8

-pressures of poverty/need to employ proletarians
-putting out system organized cottage industry; involved merchant capitalist+rural worker
-merchant loaned materials, workers processed
+returned
-could produce variety of goods in unregulated setting

Question 9

difficulties of cottage textile workers

Answer 9

• very low wages, unstable income

- merchants couldnt control rural labor well=poorly organized+scattered

Question 10

The role of British America

Answer 10

• British settlers could obtain cheap land there/migrations helped control population
• slaves from africa increased production
• britain became leader of millions strong african slave trade.

Question 11

Adam Smith

Answer 11

complained against mertainalism

• three duties of gov; defense, civil order, minimal public works
• workers could become wealthy in a free trade economy