1960-67

Question 1

When was a state of emergency declared?

Answer 1

30 March 1960

Question 2

How many people protested about the Sharpeville massacre outside the SA embassy in the UK?

Answer 2

over 10,000

Question 3

What was the key message of Macmillan’s Winds of Change speech to the SA parliament?

Answer 3

“We must accept post-colonial changes otherwise new nations may turn to communism”

Question 4

Why was the NZ rugby tour of SA controversial?

Answer 4

SA insisted Maoris couldn’t come so NZ excluded them from team

Question 5

Who called for the anti-pass protests that led to Sharpeville massacre?

Answer 5

PAC

Question 6

How many people protested at Sharpeville on 21 March 1960?

Answer 6

20,000

Question 7

How many people were killed at Sharpeville and how?

Answer 7

69 killed, most shot in back as tried to flee

Question 8

What did the Wessells Commission of Inquiry conclude about Sharpeville Massacre?

Answer 8

said police leadership indecisive but said police acted in self-defence

Question 9

What Act banned PAC and ANC?

Answer 9

1960 Unlawful Organisations Act

Question 10

When was MK formed?

Answer 10

1961

Question 11

What were two streams of MK tactics?

Answer 11

• acts of sabotage against mainly government property
• train for guerrilla warfare (“Operation Mayibuye”)

Question 12

When did SA leave the Commonwealth and become a republic?

Answer 12

1961

Question 13

What was the voting split for and against becoming a republic?

Answer 13

52% in favour (majority Afrikaans speakers); 48% (majority English speakers)

Question 14

When was the suppression of East Pondoland rebellion led by Intaba movement?

Answer 14

1961

Question 15

When did the MK campaign begin and with what?

Answer 15

December 1961: bombings of government buildings in Durban and Port Elizabeth

Question 16

In first 18 months of MK campaign, how many attacks were there?

Answer 16

about 200

Question 17

When did the Treason trial end and what was the outcome?

Answer 17

1961, all acquitted as no evidence of treason

Question 18

What happened in Paarl in November 1962?

Answer 18

Poqo attack - 250 supporters with axes and homemade weapons attacked police station, homes and shops and brutally killed two young white people

Question 19

What were the key laws in the 1962 Sabotage Act?

Answer 19

• for acts of sabotage, assumed guilty until proved innocent and punishment was death penalty
• torture allowed to extract confessions

Question 20

When was Mandela arrested as he returned home from abroad and for what?

Answer 20

1962; accused of incitement to strike and travelling abroad without passport

Question 21

When was UN resolution 1761 passed?

Answer 21

November 1962

Question 22

What boycotts did UN resolution 1761 call for?

Answer 22

breaking diplomatic relations, ceasing trading and denying passage to SA ships and aircraft

Question 23

What did UN resolution 1761 have to say about apartheid?

Answer 23

It deemed apartheid and the policies enforcing it to be a violation of UN Charter and a threat to international peace and security.

Question 24

How was the UN Special Committee against Apartheid established?

Answer 24

under UN resolution 1761 in November 1962

Question 25

What was the“Subokwe clause" in the 1963 General Law Amendment Act?

Answer 25

It allowed prison sentences to be extended by a year indefinitely.

Question 26

What did the1963 General Law Amendment Act change about arrest without charge?

Answer 26

could arrest anyone for 90 days without charge or access to lawyer; then could extend for another 90 days and so on

Question 27

How many British MPs led a London protest march against apartheid in 1963?

Answer 27

50

Question 28

Which was the first independent Bantustan and when did it occur?

Answer 28

Transkei, 1963

Question 29

When was Liliesleaf farm in Rivonia raided by security forces?

Answer 29

July 1963

Question 30

What was found at Liliesleaf farm?

Answer 30

MK operatives cache of weapons >250 incriminating documents

Question 31

When was the the Rivonia trial?

Answer 31

October 1963

Question 32

How long did Mandela speak at the Rivonia trial?

Answer 32

4 hour speech justifying ANC struggle against apartheid

Question 33

What was the outcome of the Rivonia trial?

Answer 33

life imprisonment of Mandela and other ANC leaders

Question 34

Where did Oliver Tambo escape to and set up new ANC quarters in 1960?

Answer 34

Tanzania

Question 35

What organisation was set up in 1963 to encourage cooperation between newly independent African countries?

Answer 35

Organisation of African Unity

Question 36

What did Potlako Leballo (leader of Poqo) plan for April 1963 and what happened?

Answer 36

mass uprising in April in which whites would be indiscriminately killed; plot discovered

Question 37

How many of Poqo's members were discovered and arrested by authorities in 1963?

Answer 37

all of them discovered; over 2000 arrested

Question 38

What three key things did the 1964 Bantu Laws Amendment Act say?

Answer 38

* could deport any African from urban or white areas for any reason * could establish quotas in areas or industries * could deport unemployed Africans back to homelands

Question 39

When was the Armaments Production Board set up to coordinate SA arms production?

Answer 39

1964

Question 40

How much did the defence budget increase from 1961 to 1966?

Answer 40

R44m to R255m, ie more than 5x

Question 41

When did Vorster become prime minister and why?

Answer 41

1966, when Verwoerd was assassinated

Question 42

Which overseas organisation did the ANC form an alliance with in 1967?

Answer 42

ZAPU, an organisation fighting to destroy white supremacist regime in Rhodesia

Question 43

Which country called for month-long March boycott of SA goods in March 1960?

Answer 43

UK

Question 44

When did the UN call for a voluntary arms embargo on SA?

Answer 44

1963

Question 45

When was SA suspended from the Olympic Games?

Answer 45

1964