Introduction to Endocrinology - RR

Question 1

What are the 7 hormones released from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 1

Growth hormone, TSH, FSH, prolactin, ACTH, LH, MSH

Question 2

What are the 2 hormones released from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 2

Oxytocin and ADH

Question 3

How are steroid hormones different from peptide hormones/amino acid hormones?

Answer 3

Steroid hormones are hydrophobic and bind to a receptor that is either within the cytosol or within the nucleus, while peptide/AA hormones bind to a receptor on the cell surface. Steroid hormones change the transcription of a certain protein, while peptide/AA hormones cause a signaling cascade

Question 4

What are some peptide hormones?

Answer 4

FSH, ACTH, ANP, Calcitonin, CCK, glucagon, GH, insulin etc.

Question 5

What are some amino acid hormones?

Answer 5

Hormones from the adrenal medulla (epi/norepi), T3/T4, serotonin

Question 6

What are some steroid hormones?

Answer 6

Hormones from the adrenal cortex- aldosterone, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone

Question 7

What is pseudoparathyroidism? What would the calcium/phosphate levels, PTH levels look like in this patient?

Answer 7

Don’t actually have a problem with PTH but rather have a problem with the GPCR which responds to the PTH. So don’t get calcium release. The blood will be low calcium and but high in PTH and phosphate. Other hormones that also use a GPCR may also be affected

Question 8

Why is it important to get more than one sample of blood at different periods throughout the day when diagnosing a hormonal problem?

Answer 8

The amount of hormones released naturally vary throughout the day in a cyclical fashion

Question 9

What is the difference between the connection between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus?

Answer 9

Anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via a vascular connection and receives venous blood
Posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via a neural connection and receives arterial blood

Question 10

An action potential goes to the hypothalamic nuclei. What happens after this action potential is generated that causes hormonal release from the anterior pituitary? The posterior pituitary?

Answer 10

Anterior pituitary: axons go to the median eminence which causes the release of stimulating hormones into the hypopheseal portal circulation. This comes into contact with the anterior pituitary binding to specific cells and causes synthesis of the hormone within the pituitary
Posterior: depolarization causes the release of ADH/OT from the post. pit

Question 11

Where are hormones synthesized that are released from the anterior pituitary? The posterior?

Answer 11

Anterior: made in the ant. pit
Posterior: made in the hyptothalamus and stored in the post. pit

Question 12

What is different about prolactin in comparison to all of the other anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 12

Prolactin is inhibited by dopamine unless pregnant/breastfeeding/puberty

Question 13

If the stalk of the pituitary was cut, how would this affect all of the pituitary hormones?

Answer 13

Everything but prolactin would decrease

Prolactin would increase because no longer inhibited by dopamine

Question 14

What is the difference between short loop negative feedback and long loop negative feedback? What hormones are responsible?

Answer 14

Short loop: between the pituitary and the hypothalamus- the ant. pit hormones inhibit the hypothalamus
Long loop: between the target organ and the pituitary and the hypothalamus; the hormone from the target organ acts on both the pit and the hypothalamus

Question 15

What is an example of positive feedback?

Answer 15

Female ovulation
High levels of estradiol during the late follicular and ovulatory stages cause a greater release of hormones needed for the normal cycle

Question 16

What two hypothalamic nuclei primarily produce the post. pit hormones?

Answer 16

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

Question 17

What triggers the release of ADH? Where does ADH primarily function?

Answer 17

Dehydration, high plasma osmolarity will trigger

Works in the collecting duct of the kidney to absorb more water

Question 18

What is hypopituitarism? Who is at risk?

Answer 18

Pit can’t produce hormones or don’t have enough hypothalamic releasing factors for adequate release from the pituitary
Patients with traumatic brain injury/subarachnoid hemorrhage are at risk