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Nutrition 2 (Semester II) > 19a. Ageing > Flashcards

19a. Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main theories of ageing?

A

Allostatic load/overload theory
Mitochondrial theory
Inflammaging

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2
Q

What is the allostatic load/overload theory of ageing?

A

Social, psychological, lifestyle and nutritional factors all interact with our genome to create either healthy resilience to ageing or accelerated deterioration with age

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3
Q

What different things can play a role in our ageing?

A

Toxin exposure
Sedentary lifestyle
Poor nutrition
High stress
Genetics
Chronic inflammation
Dysbiosis

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4
Q

What is the mitochondrial theory of ageing?

A

OS within mitochondria leads to mtDNA mutations, reduced ATP and energy

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5
Q

What is mtDNA?

A

Mitochondrial DNA

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6
Q

What does mitochondrial dysfunction lead to within the cell?

A

Apoptosis

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7
Q

What is mitochondrial dysfunction linked to?

A

MS
AZD
Parkinson’s

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8
Q

What is inflammaging?

A

Low grade inflammation that increases with age
Leads to many age-related diseases

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9
Q

What things can promote chronic inflammation?

A

Pathogens
Damaged tissues
Altered gut microbiota
Antibiotics
Steroids
Antihistamines

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10
Q

What is inflammaging the result of?

A

Pathological stimulation of the innate immune system

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11
Q

Which condition is associated with inflammaging of the brain?

A

AZD

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12
Q

What is a human’s maximum lifespan potential?

A

Over 100 years

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13
Q

What is hormesis?

A

The process by which exposure to a low level of stress or toxicity induces an adaptive beneficial effect in a cell or organism

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14
Q

Examples of hormesis

A

Calorie restriction
Phytochemicals
Exercise
Cognitive stimulation
Intermittent cold/heat

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15
Q

How does a healthy body respond to stress?

A

By increasing production of AOs and quality control mechanisms

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16
Q

What effect does hormesis have on the liver?

A

Increased production of:
Glutathione
Catalase
Superoxide dismutase
Ph2 detoxification enzymes

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17
Q

What is Nrf2?

A

Transcription factor which senses cellular stress

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18
Q

How does Nrf2 respond to stress?

A

Upregulates genes that produce endogenous AOs

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19
Q

How does Nrf2 upregulate the genes that produce endogenous AOs?

A

Attaches itself to the ArH within DNA
Increases expression of glutathione enzymes, superoxide dismutase and Ph2 detoxification enymes

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20
Q

How do calorie restriction and exercise induce stress?

A

By depleting cellular energy

21
Q

What does low cellular energy activate?

A

AMPK
Sirtuins

22
Q

What is AMPK?

A

Pro-longevity protein

23
Q

What are sirtuins?

A

Anti-ageing proteins

24
Q

Which process does AMPK and sirtuins initiate during a period of low cellular energy?

A

Autophagy

25
Q

What is autophagy?

A

The digestion of worn-out or damaged cellular components to improve the quality of the whole organism

26
Q

What is the autophagy of mitochondria called?

A

Mitophagy

27
Q

How often does mitophagy occur in a healthy cell?

A

Every few days

28
Q

How soon after they are ‘born’ are mitochondria digested?

A

9-25 days

29
Q

What is the quality of mitophagy in AZD or Parkinson’s?

A

Defective
Results in low brain energy

30
Q

What are the 9 key signatures of ageing?

A

Genome instability
Telomere shortening
Epigenetic alterations
Loss of protein regulation and disposal
Insulin resistance
Cell senescence
Stem cell loss
Altered intercellular communication

31
Q

Why is social connection important?

A

Anti-inflammatory

32
Q

Who is more likely to be affected by poor social connection?

A

Children
Elderly

33
Q

What is excess Ph1 detoxification linked to?

A

Ageing
Cancer

34
Q

What can cause excess Ph1 detoxification?

A

Overexposure to xenobiotics, steroid hormones and drugs

35
Q

How are xenobiotics detected?

A

Via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)

36
Q

What happens when a xenobiotic is detected?

A

AhR receptor binds to the DNA xenobiotic response element to drive gene expression of Ph1 enzymes

37
Q

What does over-activation of the AhR lead to?

A

Accelerated ageing
CVD
Cancer

38
Q

Which herbs/nutrients can desensitise the AhR and slow down Ph1?

A

Green tea
Turmeric
Resveratrol
Quercetin
Ginger
Garlic

39
Q

Which detoxification process has been found to be neuroprotective in AZD and Parkinson’s?

A

Upregulation of Nrf2
Upregulation of Ph2

40
Q

How can exercise extend life/slow ageing?

A

Improves brain, CV, lung, muscle and metabolic function
Improves body composition
Induces endogenous AO enzymes
Induces anti-ageing proteins
Increases levels of PGC1-a

41
Q

What is PGC1-a?

A

A protein that enables the synthesis of brand new mitochondria through mitochondrial biogenesis

42
Q

What are the characteristics of the Okinawan diet?

A

High in unrefined carbs
Small-mod amounts of fish/meat
High intake of veg/legumes
High in MUFAs/PUFAs
Low in saturated fats
Only eat until 80% full
Eat off small plates

43
Q

How do IF, calorie restriction and fasting benefit ageing?

A

Activate sirtuins - anti-ageing proteins
Promote autophagy to aid cellular rejuvenation
Increase adiponectin - associated with longevity

44
Q

Which processes do sirtuins improve in the body?

A

Insulin sensitivity
Mitochondrial activity
CV health
Fat metabolism
DNA integrity
Lower inflammation

45
Q

How might ketogenic diets mimic the health benefits of fasting?

A

Shifting metabolism towards beta-oxidation and ketone synthesis

46
Q

What do obesity and insulin-resistant individuals present with that can speed up ageing?

A

Mitochondrial dysfunction
Reduced biogenesis
Increased inflammaging

47
Q

What are AGEs strongly associated with?

A

Inflammation
Accelerated ageing
Neurodegeneration
Diabetes
Cancer

48
Q

What should be avoided to help slow down ageing?

A

Toxins
Sedentary lifestyle
Poor nutrition
High stress
Dysbiosis
Medication
Antibiotics
Alcohol
Smoking
Coffee
Sugars

49
Q

Nutrients to support anti-ageing

A

B vits
O3
Mg
D
K
CoQ10
EVOO
Resveratrol
ALA
Green tea
Berries
Cruc veg
Garlic/onions
Nuts/seeds
Turmeric/ginger

Nutrition 2 (Semester II) (55 decks)

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