19th Century Philippines as Rizal's Context

Question 1

• was the era of challenges and responses

- It is the period of major changes that affect man & society

Answer 1

19th Century

Question 2

19th century is also called

Answer 2

Age of Enlightenment

Question 3

the struggle of nationalism

Answer 3

Political Context

Question 4

What is under the political context?

Answer 4

• The French Revolution

- American Civil War

Question 5

in Spain there was the split among the intellectuals into the irreconcilable camps, the Conversativesand the Liberals, neither of which advantage adequate practical solutions to end all strives

Answer 5

Conservatism vs. Liberalism

Question 6

two irreconcilable camps

Answer 6

Conservatives and Liberals

Question 7

rule of the friars

Answer 7

Frailocracy

Question 8

this generally applied to the extraordinary transformation in the method of: production, transportation, and communication through the substitution of the manual labor to machine

Answer 8

Industrialization

Question 9

• encomienda and hacienda systems
• Labor systems developed by Spain granting large amount of land to settlers in the Americas and claiming ownership of all of the resources
  and of the natives
• The encomienda and hacienda systems developed an exchange among the natives for work in return of protection and education

Answer 9

Encomienda to Hacienda

Question 10

• was the main source of income for the colony during its early years
• brought silver from New Spain and silk from China by way of Manila
• This way, the Philippines earned its income through buy and sell – that is, they bought American silver for resale to China

Answer 10

Galleon Trade

Question 11

Galleon Trade service was inaugurated in _____ and continued into the _____

Answer 11

1565; early 19th century

Question 12

from and to where is Galleon Trade

Answer 12

Manila - Acapulo

Question 13

privilege of provincial governors to engagein and monopolize trade

Answer 13

INDULTO DE COMERCIO

Question 14

Spanish of forced labor

Answer 14

Polo y servicio

Question 15

• Is the forced labor for 40 days of men ranging from 16-60 years of age who were obligated to give personal services to community projects

Answer 15

Forced Labor

Question 16

One could be exempted from polo y servicio by paying the _____, a daily fine of one and a half real

Answer 16

falla

Question 17

When and how many days labor was reduced

Answer 17

1884; 15 days

Question 18

The polo system was patterned after the Mexican repartimento

Answer 18

selection of forced labor

Question 19

to support the colony, several forms of taxes and monopolies were imposed

Answer 19

Taxation

Question 20

is the payment of the 10% of an individual’s annual income to the government

Answer 20

tithe

Question 21

is the tax being paid as support to the church

Answer 21

sanctorum

Question 22

• is the tax or rent given to the landlord a resident is under
• It may be in cash or in kind (tobacco, chickens, produce, gold, blankets,
  cotton, rice, etc. depending on the region of the country)

Answer 22

tribute (buwis)

Question 23

tribute (buwis) is fixed at _____ and later increased to _____

Answer 23

8 reals; 15 reals

Question 24

related to the different groups of people in society and their habits, traditions, and beliefs

Answer 24

sociocultural context

Question 25

- the year Spain realized the need of establishing a system of public education for the indios - this was also the year that Gov. Gen Crespo organized a Commission and recommended remedial measures to improve elementary education

Answer 25

1855

Question 26

the year Commission completed its report and forwarded it to Spain

Answer 26

1861

Question 27

the year Commission completed its report and forwarded it to Spain

Answer 27

1863

Question 28

PROVISIONS OF EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863

Answer 28

1. Establishments of Teacher Training School. 2. Government supervises the public school system. 3. Use of Spanish as medium of instruction in all schools. 4. Establishment of one primary schools for boys and for girls in each of major town.

Question 29

DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME

Answer 29

1. Emphasis on Religion 2. Absence of Academic Freedom 3. Racial Discrimination 4. Limited curriculum

Question 30

- Fear of God was emphasized. - Obedience to friars was instilled in the mind of the people. - Indios were constantly reminded that they have inferior intelligence and were fit for manual labor only. - Will of God was also emphasized

Answer 30

Emphasis on Religion

Question 31

- Most schools were not opened to the natives. | - Students were not allowed to express their opinion

Answer 31

Absence of Academic Freedom

Question 32

- prior to educational decree of 1863, the schools were not opened to the natives. - Spaniards hesitated to consider the indios as educable as themselves.

Answer 32

Racial Discrimination

Question 33

- Education was limited to the 3Rs, that is, Reading, Writing and Arithmetic

Answer 33

Limited curriculum

Question 34

3Rs of education during the spanish time

Answer 34

Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic

Question 35

instability of colonial administration

Answer 35

Evil of the Unjust Colonial Power

Question 36

evils of an unjust, bigoted, and deteriorating colonial power:

Answer 36

- Evil of the Unjust Colonial Power - Corrupt Officialdom - No Philippine representation in the Spain Cortes - Human Rights Denied to Filipinos - No Equality Before the Law - Maladministration of JusticeP - Racial Discrimination - Frailocracy - Forced Labor or “Polo Y Servicios - Haciendas Owned by the Friars - The Guardia Civil