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Biology AS Level unit 1 > 1A Biological Molecules > Flashcards

1A Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers made up of the monomers amino acids.

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2
Q

Structural levels of proteins

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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3
Q

What is the primary structure determined by?

A

The order of bases in a gene determine the sequencing of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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4
Q

Where do the hydrogen bonds in the secondary structure of a protein form?

A

Between the negatively charged C=O of the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the positively charged H of the amino group of another amino acid.

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5
Q

Tertiary structure

A
  1. the further folding of the secondary structure
  2. to form a unique 3D shape
  3. held in place by ionic, hydrogen and disulfide bonds
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6
Q

Where do the bonds in the tertiary structure form?

A

Between the R groups of different amino acids.

Disulfide bonds only occur between two sulfur atoms in the R group (cystein)

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7
Q

Quaternary structure

A

A proteins made up of more than one polypeptide chain.

e.g. Hb

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8
Q

What happens if a protein is denatured?

A

The bonds which hold the tertiary and secondary structure in shape break, and therefore the unique 3D shape is lost.

This 3D shape is critical to a proteins function.

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9
Q

What can cause a protein to denature?

A

• too high temperature
• changes in pH

ionic - changes in pH
hydrogen - heat, acidity

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10
Q

Prosthetic group

A

The molecule incorporated in a conjugated protein

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11
Q

Conjugated protein

A

Protein molecule joined with another molecule called a prosthetic group

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12
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Conjugated proteins with a lipid prosthetic group

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13
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Conjugated proteins with a carbohydrate prosthetic group

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14
Q

Proteases

A

protein-digesting enzymes

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15
Q

Peptide bond

A

The bond formed by condensation reactions between amino acids

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16
Q

Compare the energy storage capabilities of lipids and carbohydrates

A

Lipids (especially triglycerides) can store about 3x as much energy as the same mass of carbohydrates

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17
Q

What type of protein is collagen?

A

Fibrous protein

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18
Q

Where in the human body is collagen found?

A

• skin
• matrix of bones
• tendons

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19
Q

In what body structures is keratin found?

A

Hair
Nails

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20
Q

anion

A

a negative ion

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21
Q

cation

A

a positive ion

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22
Q

ionic bonds

A

bonds formed when atoms give or receive electrons; they result in charged particles called ions

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23
Q

covalent bond

A

bonds formed when atoms share electrons; covalent molecules may be polar if the electrons are not shared equally

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24
Q

dipole

A

the separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in covalent bonds are not evenly shared

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25
polar molecule
a molecule containing a dipole
26
dissociation
splitting of a molecule into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions, especially by a reversible process
27
hydrogen bonds
weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom
28
monomer
a small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer
29
polymer
a long-chain molecule made up of many smaller, repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds
30
macromolecule
a very large molecule often formed by polymerisation
31
monosaccharide
a single sugar monomer
32
disaccharide
a sugar made up of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond, formed in a condensation reaction
33
polysaccaride
a polymer consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds
34
triose sugar
a sugar with 3 carbon atoms
35
pentose sugar
a sugar with 5 carbon atoms
36
ribose
a pentose sugar that is part of the structure of RNA
37
deoxyribonucleic acid
a nucleic acid that is the genetic material in many organisms
37
deoxyribose
a pentose sugar that is part of the structure of DNA
38
ribonucleic acid
a nucleic acid which is the genetic material in some organisms and is involved in protein synthesis
39
hexose sugar
a sugar with 6 carbon atoms
40
isomers
molecules that have the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures
41
glycosidic bond
a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharide units
42
reducing sugar
sugars that react with blue Benedict's solution and reduce the copper(II) ions to copper(I) ions giving an orangey-red precipitate
43
non-reducing sugar
sugars that do not react with Benedict's solution
44
oligosaccharides
molecules with between 3 and 10 monosaccharide units
45
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that acts as a universal energy supply molecule in all cells
46
amylose
a complex carbohydrate containing only alpha glucose monomers joined together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds so the molecules form long unbranched chains
46
end products
the final products of a chemical reaction
47
amylopectin
a complex carbohydrate made up of alpha glucose monomers joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds with some 1,6-glycosidic bonds so the molecules branch repeatedly
48
ester bonds
bonds formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of glycerol
49
glycogen
a complex carbohydrate with many alpha glucose units joined by 1,4- glycosidic bonds with many 1,6-glycosidic bonds, giving it many side branches
50
saturated fatty acid
a fatty acid in which each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it in the hydrocarbon chain by a single covalent bond
50
unsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid in which the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain have one or more double covalent bonds in them
51
monounsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid with only one double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
52
polyunsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
53
esterification
the process by which ester bonds are made
54
dipeptide
two amino acids joined by a peptide bond
55
collagen
a strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure
56
denaturation
the loss of the 3D shape of a protein (e.g. caused by changes in temperature or pH)
57
describe 2 structural features of insoluble proteins
- long chains of amino acids - repeating sequences of amino acids - parallel chains held with cross links / by hydrogen bonds
58
Which type of fatty acids has more hydrogen atoms?
the more hydrogen atoms a fatty acid has the more saturated it is
59
which fatty acids are bad for health?
saturated (single bonds only)
60
describe the structure of collagen
• fibrous protein • composed of three polypeptide chains (triple helix) • held by hydrogen bonds between the chains • repeating sequence of glycine (every third amino acid is glycine)
61
describe the structure of collagen
• fibrous protein • composed of three polypeptide chains (triple helix) • held by hydrogen bonds between the chains • repeating sequence of glycine (every third amino acid is glycine)
62
three types amino acids found in collagen
- glycine - proline - hydroxyproline
63
what type of proteins is soluble in water?
globular proteins
64
what type of protein is insoluble in water?
fibrous proteins
65
what is the most common structural protein found in animals?
collagen
66
what type of protein is Hb?
globular protein
67
when does water reach its max. density?
at 4*C
68
what type of bonds joins monosaccharides?
glycosidic bond
69
ester bond
bond formed in a condensation reaction between a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid
70
peptide bond
bond formed in a condensation reaction between two amino acids to form a dipeptide
71
examples of fibrous proteins
collagen keratin elastin
72
examples of globular proteins
haemoglobin insulin lysozyme
73
condensation reaction
when two molecules join together with the formation of a new chemical bond and the release of a water molecule
74
hydrolysis reaction
a reaction that breaks the chemical bond between monomers using a water molecule
75
what monosaccharides is sucrose made of?
glucose fructose
76
what monosaccharides is lactose made of?
glucose galactose
77
what monosaccharides is maltose made of?
two alpha glucose monomers
78
give 3 monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, fructose
79
give 3 disaccharides
lactose, maltose, sucrose
80
give 3 polysaccharides
glycogen, starch, cellulose
84
draw the general structure of an amino acid
85
draw the general structure of a fatty acid

Biology AS Level unit 1 (12 decks)

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