1A Chemistry For Biologists

Question 1

Dipole

Answer 1

Separation of charge in a molecule where the electrons are not evenly shared

Question 2

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 2

Weak electrostatic bonds created between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom

Question 3

Polymer

Answer 3

Long chain molecule made up of many smaller, repeating monomer units

Question 4

Monosaccharide

Answer 4

Single sugar monomer

Question 5

Disaccharide

Answer 5

Sugar made up of two monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds

Question 6

Polysaccharide

Answer 6

Polymer made up of long chain molecules of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds

Question 7

Isomers

Answer 7

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

Question 8

Condensation reaction

Answer 8

A reaction in which a water molecule is lost from the reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them

Question 9

Glycosidic bond

Answer 9

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction which can be broken down by a hydrolysis reaction

Question 10

Hydrolysis

Answer 10

A reaction in which bonds are broken down by the addition of a water molecule

Question 11

Amylose

Answer 11

An unbranched carbohydrate with multiple a-glucose monomer units that has only 1,4-glycosidic bonds and has slow hydrolysis.

Question 12

Amylopectin

Answer 12

A branched carbohydrate with multiple a-glucose monomer units and has both 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic bonds and has rapid hydrolysis

Question 13

Glycogen

Answer 13

A branched carbohydrate that has multiple a-glucose monomer units and has both 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic bonds and conducts rapid hydrolysis (chemically similar to amylopectin but longer)

Question 14

Which atom in the water molecule is slightly more negative than the other?

Answer 14

Oxygen

Question 15

Why is it called a 1,4-glycosidic bond

Answer 15

Because it occurs between the 1st carbon of one molecule and the 4th carbon of another molecule

Question 16

Why is water described as a polar molecule?

Answer 16

The water molecule is dipole which means that the oxygen is slightly more negative compared to the hydrogen atoms which are more positive.

Question 17

Water has a high heat capacity. Explain why this makes water a good habitat for living organisms.

Answer 17

The large number of hydrogen bonds in water ensures that it takes a lot of energy to increase the temperature in water. The lack of fluctuation in the temperature provides a stable environment for living organisms.

Question 18

Suggest why glucose is soluble in water.

Answer 18

Since the glucose molecule is a polar substance it can form hydrogen bonds with water and dissolve in it. (Make sure glucose is the subject)

Question 19

Lipids

Answer 19

Organic molecules that are important in cell/membranes and as an energy store

Question 20

Ester bonds

Answer 20

Bonds formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (COOH) of a fatty acid and hydroxyl group (OH) of glycerol.

Question 21

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 21

Fatty acids which contain only single covalent bonds

Question 22

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 22

Fatty acids that contain at least one double covalent bond

Question 23

Triglyceride

Answer 23

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 24

Esterification

Answer 24

The process by which ester bonds are made

Question 25

Haemoglobin

Answer 25

Red pigment that carries oxygen in erythrocytes

Question 26

Amino acids

Answer 26

The building blocks of proteins which consists of one amino group (NH3), one carboxyl group (COOH) and one R group which changes between amino acids.

Question 27

Peptide bond

Answer 27

The bond formed between amino acids through a condensation reaction

Question 28

Dipeptide

Answer 28

Two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond

Question 29

Polypeptide

Answer 29

Long chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Question 30

Disulfide bond

Answer 30

Strong covalent bond formed between to cysteine (sulfur containing) molecules through an oxidation reaction

Question 31

Fibrous protein

Answer 31

Proteins that have long, parallels polypeptide chains with occasional cross linkages, often have no tertiary structure (collagen), very strong and tough and are insoluble

Question 32

Desaturation

Answer 32

Loss of the 3D shape of a protein

Question 33

Collagen

Answer 33

Fibrous protein with a triple helix structure

Question 34

Globular proteins

Answer 34

Proteins that have a spherical shape and have complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structures, can be hydrophilic (inside) or hydrophobic (outside)

Question 35

Prosthetic group

Answer 35

Molecule that combines with the protein in a conjugated protein

Question 36

Conjugated proteins

Answer 36

Protein molecules that join with another molecule referred to as the prosthetic group

Question 37

Lipoproteins

Answer 37

Conjugated proteins with a lipid prosthetic group

Question 38

Glycoproteins

Answer 38

Conjugated proteins with a carbohydrate prosthetic group