1B Mammalian Transport Systems

Question 1

Diffusion

Answer 1

The free movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient

Question 2

Single circulation system

Answer 2

The heart pumps the blood to the organs of gas exchange and the blood travels around the body and then returns to the heart where it is recirculated

Question 3

Double circulation

Answer 3

Two separate circuits one for deoxygenated blood that flows from the body to the heart to the lungs and the other for the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart to the body

Question 4

Leucocytes

Answer 4

White blood cells - Large but can change shape, contains nucleus, fights pathogens and protects body against infections, responsible for inflammatory response tissue damage

Question 5

Erythrocytes

Answer 5

Red blood cells - Contain hemoglobin, made in the bone marrow, bioncave shape, no nucleus

Question 6

Platelets

Answer 6

Megakaryocytes - Found in the bone marrow, helps in blood clotting

Question 7

Oxyhaemoglobin

Answer 7

Process in which oxygen binds to haemoglobin (is reversible)

Question 8

Carbaminohaemoglobin

Answer 8

Molecule formed when haemoglobin is combined with carbon dioxide

Question 9

What happens with carbon dioxide bonds with water?

Answer 9

Carbonic acid is first formed and it is then broken down into hydrogen carbonate ions (-) and hydrogen ions (+)

Question 10

Carbonic anydrase

Answer 10

Enzyme responsible for the catalysis between carbon dioxide and water to create carbonic acid

Question 11

Bohr effect

Answer 11

The change in the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin that occur due to a rise in carbon dioxide levels and a reduction of haemoglobin affinity for oxygen

Question 12

Fetal haemoglobin

Answer 12

A unique form of haemoglobin found in fetuses that has a higher affinity for oxygen that adult haemoglobin, allows fetus to absorb oxygen from maternal blood

Question 13

What are the chemicals released when platelets are broken and what are their functions?

Answer 13

Serotonin - Constricts blood vessels, making them narrower, cutting off blood flow
Thromboplastin - Enzyme that initiates the sequence of chemical changes necessary for blood clotting

Question 14

Describe the process of blood clotting

Answer 14

Thromboplastin catalyses prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin catalyses fibrinogen to fibrin.
Fibrin forms a mesh over wound and traps exit cells.
Special proteins from platelets make the clot tighter forming a scab.

Question 15

Artery

Answer 15

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Question 16

All arteries except two carry oxygenated blood. What are they?

Answer 16

Pulmonary artery (from heart to lungs) and Pulmonary artery (fetus to placenta)

Question 17

Veins

Answer 17

Vessels that carry blood to the heart

Question 18

Other than two veins all veins carry deoxygenated blood. What are these veins?

Answer 18

Pulmonary vein (Lungs to heart) and umbilical vein (placenta to fetus)

Question 19

Capillaries

Answer 19

Tiny vessels that spread through out the tissues of the body

Question 20

What are some features of an artery?

Answer 20

Narrow lumen, thick walls, no valves, elastic fibers within walls

Question 21

What are some features of a capillary?

Answer 21

Thin walls, no elastic fibers, small diameter, can be found anywhere near body cells

Question 22

What are some features of a vein?

Answer 22

Wide lumen, thin walls, valves

Question 23

What separates the ride and left side of the heart and why are they separated?

Answer 23

The septum separates them and it is to prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Question 24

What special properties aid the heart in its functions (3)?

Answer 24

Myoglobin = Higher affinity for oxygen
Cardiac muscle = Never get fatigued even after constant use
Coronary arteries = Constant blood supply to heart

Question 25

Myoglobin

Answer 25

A respiratory pigment that has a stronger affinity for oxygen compared to haemoglobin.

Question 26

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 26

Valves that are present between the atrium and the ventricles (bicuspid and tricuspid)

Question 27

Bicuspid valve

Answer 27

Found in the left side of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle

Question 28

Tricuspid valves

Answer 28

Valve found on the right side of the heart between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Question 29

In what order does the blood flow during a full cardiac cycle?

Answer 29

Body - Vena cava (superior and inferior) - Right atrium - Tricuspid valve - Right ventricle - Semilunar valve - Pulmonary artery - Lungs - Pulmonary vein - Left atrium - Bicuspid valve - Left ventricle - Semilunar valve - Aorta - Body

Question 30

Which side of the heart is thicker and why?

Answer 30

The left side of the heart is much thicker as it needs to provide sufficient force for the blood to circulate through out the entire body

Question 31

Systole

Answer 31

Contraction of the heart

Question 32

Diastole

Answer 32

Relaxation of the heart

Question 33

What happens in the valves during an atrial systole?

Answer 33

Atrioventricular valve open, semilunar valve closed

Question 34

What happens to the valves during a ventricular systole?

Answer 34

Atrioventricular valve closed, semilunar valves open

Question 35

What happens to the valves during a diastole?

Answer 35

Atrioventricular valves closed, semilunar valves are partially open

Question 36

Athrosclerosis

Answer 36

A condition in which yellow fatty acid deposits build up on the lining of the arteries, causing them to be narrowed

Question 37

Describe the process of athrosclerosis

Answer 37

Damage to the endothelium - Inflammatory response - White blood cells arrive on sight - Chemicals including cholesterol are released - Plaque is built up (atheroma) - Calcium salts and fibrous tissue build up - Plaque hardens - Lumen narrows

Question 38

How can the endothelium be damaged?

Answer 38

High blood pressure, smoking

Question 39

Aneurysm

Answer 39

A weakened bulged area of an artery wall caused by a collection of blood behind a plaque buildup inside the lumen

Question 40

Angina

Answer 40

A condition in which plaque deposited on the endothelium of arteries reduce blood flow to coronary arteries

Question 41

What are the symptoms of angina?

Answer 41

Breathlessness, Fatigue, Gripping pain in chest that extends down the left arm and up to the lower jaw

Question 42

Myocardial infarction

Answer 42

Events which take place when atherosclerosis leads to a formation of a blood clot (thrombosis) that blocks the coronary arteries completely and deprives the heart of oxygen

Question 43

Thrombosis

Answer 43

A clot that forms in a blood vessel

Question 44

Stroke

Answer 44

Event caused by an interruption to the normal blood supply to an area of the brain due to internal hemorrhage (damaged capillaries) or a thrombosis

Question 45

What are the symptoms of a stroke?

Answer 45

Dizziness, numbness, slurred speech, blurred vision (usually in one eye), confusion, paralysis