1.a. Global migration involves dynamic flows of people between countries, regions and continents.

Question 1

What is the fact that migration figures are estimates indicative of?

Answer 1

• There is an issue in defining an international migrant
• Lack of uniformity among countries, which creates difficulty in obtaining accurate, reliable and comparable statistics
• Compounded by the many undocumented, illegal migrations

Question 2

How does the UN define a long-term migrant?

Answer 2

• A person who moves to a country other than their usual residence for a period of at least a year

Question 3

How does the UN define a short-term migrant?

Answer 3

• A person who moves for at least 3 months but less than a year

Question 4

Define the term ‘net migration’

Answer 4

The difference between numbers of immigrants and emigrants for a particular country
In 2013 the UK had an estimated net migration gain of 205,000
In 2014 it was 318,000

Question 5

Inter regional migrant flows

Answer 5

• one key route is from Northern Africa to southern Europe, specifically north Libya to lampedusa (southern Italy)
• large numbers of migrants have also crossed between Turkey and Greece
• Numbers of migrants increased significantly in 2015 - this became a major issue for rescue and border control for the Italian coastguard and fronted (the EU’s border management agency)

Question 6

What is lee’s migration model?

Answer 6

• Migrations are caused by push and pull factors - in many instances, decision to migrate is influenced by a combination of economic, social, political and environmental factors
• The lee model also incorporates the idea of intervening obstacles, these could occur at any point and include costs, physical features, climatic factors, health, transport and cultural factors such as language

Question 7

Intra-regional migration flows

Answer 7

• In 2012, 1.7 million people resident in an eu country migrated to another eu nation
• The Schengen Agreement allows freedom of movement within most of the eu across its internal borders, visa and passport free
• The overriding motive for migration is economic - for example, Poland joined in 2004 and Polish migrants were attracted by greater employment, higher wages, better living grinders and ease of return
• in 2013, there were approximately 660000 poles living in the UK and 40000 UK residents living in Poland

Question 8

What is the relationship between patterns of international migration and socio-economic development?

Answer 8

• Migration can positively contribute to development, it can be a positive process for stability, economic growth and socio-economic change
• inequalities in levels or development can be a cause of migration, this has a major influence on the direction and scale of global migrant flows
• migrant remittances to more advanced counties, with higher HDIs are a lower percentage of GDP, for lidcs and EDCs, new represent a higher proportion of GDP and he before are more significant to their economy and development

Question 9

How can global migration promote stability?

Answer 9

• Migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange which can contribute to economic stability of the recipient country
• Returning migrants, having acquired new ideas and values including democracy and equality, con contribute to peacebuilding and conflict resolution
• where here is ageing population youthful migrant working populations contribute to a more balanced age structure and population growth

Question 10

How does global migration promote economic growth?

Answer 10

• The GDP and tax base of the host nation can be boosted by working migrants
• migrants as consumers themselves can stimulate local economies in a ho st country, even opening up new markers in demand for food, clothing and music
• migrants can all gaps and shortages in the labour market of a host country at local and national scales
• migrant remittances can supplement household income, stipulate consumption - provide funds for local investment and stimulate local multiplier elects in the country of origin of the migrants

Question 11

How can global migration promote development?

Answer 11

• Skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants can be of benefit to countries of origin
• migrants can create networks which ease flows of skills financial resources, values and ideas through their links to diaspora networks, including professional, business, social and religious networks
• un migration and development projects between partner countries are involving families ‘local authorities Ana public and private service providers in elective ‘bottom-up’ approaches to development

Question 12

How can global migration cause inequalities?

Answer 12

• Countries of origin tend to lose a proportion of the young, vibrant and fittest element of their labour force this may contribute to downward economic spiral at local, regional and national scales
• often it is the better educated that migrate’ this represents a brain drain and loss of human resources in the country of origin
• The demographic selectiveness of international migration causes redistribution of population of reproductive age- this influences crude birth rates in countries of origin (decline) and destination (growth)

Question 13

Now can global migration cause conflict?

Answer 13

• Social conflict can develop between host communities and ‘newcomers’, people of a particular culture or ethnic origin may and it difficult to integrate because of language barriers
• immigrant populations, especially if concentrated in specific areas, can place pressure on service provision, such as education, housing and health in the host country
  International borders can be areas of conflict for border control authorities, traffickers and illegal migrants

Question 14

How can global migration cause injustice?

Answer 14

• Migrants are vulnerable to violation of their human rights as a result of forced labour exploitation of women and children, and human trafficking
• treatment of asylum seems can include being held in detention centres, not being allowed to work, being supported on meagre financial resources for food, water, medicines and safety including possibility of return to country of origin where risks are high

Question 15

• How has economic globalisation contributed to the emergence of new source areas and host destinations?

Answer 15

• An increasing number of countries and their economies have become more interdependent - the increasing complexity of global nutrition can be linked to this intensification of the globalisation process

Question 16

Inter-regional emergence of new source areas and host destinations

Answer 16

• Migration of highly skilled workers from China, India and Brazil to the usa-including graduates, especially those in science, maths and technology
• migration of workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt, the Philippines and Indonesia to oil-producing gulf stares and Saudi Arabia- attracted by increased demand for labour, relatively high wages and ease of returning formal remittances

Question 17

Intra-regional emergence of new source areas and host destinations

Answer 17

• Rapid increase of migrant stock (6.5 million 2013) among ASEAN states - the last growing economies of Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand are the main destinations and Myanmar and Cambodia amongst the main sources. Most migrants are low skilled, many undocumented, seeking employment and higher wages via cyclical migration to countries of higher socio-economic development
• increased migration with streams within south America especially and Uruguay. The main drivers are disparities in wages and labour opportunities. Regional integration (mercosur, Andean community) has also eased immigration through he wee movement of labour

Question 18

Reasons for increase in young worker immigration

Answer 18

• Economic driver, greater employment opportunities, higher wages and he possibility of remittance
• demand for workers in the all-producing countries of he middle east such as UAE, Qatar and Saudi Arabia is an example of young labour driven migration
• Numbers of foreign-born residents of The UAE have increased dramatically in the 21st century from 2.45 million in 2000 to
  7.83 million in 2013.

Question 19

Reasons for increase in female migrants

Answer 19

• In 2013, 52% of all migrants in developed countries were female and 46% in developing countries
• in he last 2 decades- growth in the number a le male augments can be accounted for by heir greater independence, status, freedom and increasing importance as main income earners
• in 2013, here were 101 countries where ne female international migrant stock was greater than that of men, ne highest were Latvia (60.8%) and Estonia (59.8%)
• trend of growing significance is ne migration of highly skilled/ educated women, In 2010, tertiary educated women migrants in OECD countries increased by 80%

Question 20

Reasons for flows in south-south corridors being equal to south-north corridors

Answer 20

• Restrictive administration barriers for migrants from the south attempting to enter the north, often in response they redirect their migration to another south country
• The number of fast-growing economies in the south which offer employment opportunities and are increasingly accessible
• Increased awareness of opportunities in the south resulting from improved communications and developing social and business networks
• Preventative costs of moving to more distant richer countries

Question 21

Changes in the 21st century contributing to more conflict, persecution and refugees

Answer 21

• According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, the number of refugees worldwide increased from 15.7 million in 2012 to 19.5 million in 2014
• In 2015, Syria had become the largest source of refugees, overtaking Afghanistan which had held this position for three decades, Turkey was the largest host country
• Globally in 2014, 1.66 million asylum applications were submitted, Germany, Russian Federation and USA being among the largest recipients
• Crisis in Syria has been a major factor in the recent increase in refugees, the civil war which began in March 2011, has led to internal displacement of 7.6 million people and a further 4.7 million international refugees
• A high percentage of the refugees have moved relatively short distances to countries which share a border with Syria, Turkey and Lebanon being the biggest recipients
• Lebanon has been so overwhelmed with Syrian refugees that in January 2015, the government imposed the need for an entry visa whereas before this date movement between the countries was largely unrestricted

Question 22

Changes in the 21st century contributing to changes in national immigration and emigration policies

Answer 22

• Some ACs use a points-based system to satisfy labour shortages in particular sectors
• In the developing world, some countries actively encourage migration, largely to assist in the development process, through the financial benefits of migrant remittances, and the skills, ideas and business contacts brought by returning migrants

Question 23

What factors may lead to the establishment of bi-lateral migrant corridors?

Answer 23

• Cost of travel which may be related to proximity
• Ease of access and communication between two countries
• Efficiency and cost of sending remittances
• Employment opportunities and wage differentials
• Established diaspora communities and networks
• Effects of conflict and persecution
• Migration policy, including accession to economic unions and policy on refugees
• Former colonial influence, such as language