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OCR A level Geog p2-Changing spaces making places > 1.a. Places are multi-faceted, shaped by shifting flows and connections which change over time > Flashcards

1.a. Places are multi-faceted, shaped by shifting flows and connections which change over time Flashcards

1
Q

How does a place differ to a space

A

Places can have objective meaning e.g. map co-ordinated. They are given a subjective meaning by people. However spaces do not have subjective meaning

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2
Q

What are the 6 characteristics that form the identity of a place

A
  • cultural e.g. religion
  • political e.g. local government
  • socio-economic e.g. income
  • natural charactertistics e.g. road layout
  • built environment e.g. age of imhabitants
  • demography e.g. building materials
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3
Q

What is a place profile

A

-description of an area e.g. physical state, services, image of place, socio-economic

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4
Q

Where is Toxteth located

A

Inner Liverpool, 1.5km south of the city centre

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5
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Toxteth

A
  • Undulating land rising from the River Mersey’s banks
  • A stream flowing North East and splitting before discharging into the river
  • The Mersey is fast, since its channel narrows before Liverpool Bay (little foreshore)
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6
Q

What is the demographic of Toxteth

A
  • Fewer elderly residents, most are between 16 and 64 (75.5 per square hectare)
  • Fewer children
  • Immigrant population/descendants, due to post-war employment and housing
  • Immigrants from Asia, West Africa and the Caribbean
  • 78.6% white (much less)
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7
Q

What are the socio-economic characteristics of Toxteth

A
  • 24.0% owner-occupiers
  • 54.4% no access to a car/van
  • 9.4% with bad health
  • 14.1% 16+ with no formal qualifications
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8
Q

What are the political characteristics of Toxteth

A
  • 1 of 30 wards forming Liverpool City Council
  • 3 councillors per ward
  • Part of an electorate of 73,000
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9
Q

What are the cultural characteristics of Toxteth

A
  • Friday Prayers (Muslim community) different from Sunday Services (Christian community)
  • Black African, Caribbean community have a different form of Christian worship from Anglican
  • Cultural diversity as far back as a Greek Orthodox church built in the 19th century
  • The Synagogue is evidence of Jewish culture
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10
Q

Visually, how could Toxteth be described

A
  • Run down/derelict
  • Terraced houses
  • Densely populated
  • Multicultural
  • Disrepair/poorly maintained
  • No green space
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11
Q

Where is Lympstone located

A

The east bank of the River Exe estuary, 15km south of Exeter

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12
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Lympstone

A
  • In a small valley cut by Wootton Brook through the red breccia cliffs (edge of the estuary)
  • Tidal mudflats extend into the 1.5km wide estuary
  • Small pebble/gravel beach at the foot of the cliff
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13
Q

What is the demographic of Lympstone

A
  • Top-heavy structure
  • Ethnically homogeneous, due to lack of immigrant employment in the ’60s/’70s
  • 98.9% white
  • Smaller working population
  • Population between 16 and 64 is 24.6 per square hectare
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14
Q

What are the socio-economic characteristics of Lympstone

A
  • 66.1% owner-occupiers
  • 12.7% no access to a car/van
  • 4.1% with bad health
  • 27.2% 16+ with no formal qualifications
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15
Q

What are the cultural characteristics of Lympstone

A

-Rhythm of the cultural year unchanged: based on Christian holidays

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16
Q

What are the political characteristics of Lympstone

A
  • Parish council: 11 elected people, focuses on local matters
  • District and county council sit above this (limiting parish council power)
  • Elects 2 district councillors and 1 county councillor
  • Part of an electorate of 72,000
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17
Q

What are the similarities between Toxteth and Lympstone

A
  • Both situated by rivers

- Electorate of roughly the same size

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18
Q

Visually, how could Lympstone be described

A
  • Calm
  • Charming
  • Seaside
  • Picturesque
  • Relaxed
  • Rural
  • Desirable
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19
Q

What was Toxteth like when it was established

A
  • Established by the Saxons

- Domesday survey (1086) lists it as a coastal village

20
Q

What was Toxteth like in the 13th century

A
  • Taken into control by King John

- Used for royal hunting (stayed fenced of for 300 years)

21
Q

What was Toxteth like in the 16th century

A

-Opened up for farming later in the century

22
Q

What was Toxteth like during the industrial revolution (1700s/1800s)

A
  • Major port
  • Many industries
  • Urban and industrial, with forges, copper works and ceramics factory
  • Flour milling and brewing to feed rapidly growing population
  • Residential developments
  • Commuters from the service sector and managerial jobs
23
Q

What was Toxteth like during the 19th century

A
  • Areas behind villas used for cheap, poorly built housing
  • Typhoid and cholera frequent
  • Terraced housing for dock and industry workers
  • Over 150 years it changed from a small rural community to an inner city suburb
24
Q

When were the Toxteth riots

A

3 July 1981

25
Q

What were the Toxteth riots

A
  • Worst social disorder in the last century
  • Up to 1,000 police injured
  • 140 buildings destroyed
  • Due to social deprivation, lack of work and being pushed around
  • High unemployment and gangs
26
Q

What was Lympstone like when it was established

A
  • Established by the Saxons

- Transferred to French families post-Norman conquest

27
Q

What was Lympstone like in the 13th century

A
  • One of several small ports under Exeter

- Coastal and cross-channel trade links

28
Q

What was Lympstone like in the 19th century

A
  • Shipbuilding thrived, but ceased as ships became larger
  • Estuary used for fishing and shellfish industry
  • Boats in the North Atlantic
29
Q

What was Lympstone like in the 1840s

A
  • Attracted tourists from Exeter/East Devon

- Expanded to accommodate tourists, but remained a small village

30
Q

What was Lympstone like in 1861

A
  • Railway improved its connectivity
  • Time-space compression gave a wider market to the shellfish industry
  • Travel to Exeter easier
31
Q

What was Lympstone like in the 20th century

A
  • Dormitory settlement for Exeter

- Retains a strong sense of community

32
Q

What can old maps of Toxteth tell us about the history of this area

A
  • Thriving port with lots of industry/employment (stark contrast to today)
  • Dock workers living in Toxteth
  • Densely populated, with terraced housing (cheap and poorly constructed)
  • Became an inner-city suburb
  • Back to back housing (led to epidemics)
33
Q

What can old maps of Lympstone tell us about the history of this area

A
  • Railway/railway links (aided shellfish industry, connected to Exeter)
  • Coastline (tourism and fishing)
  • Estuary (shellfish industry)
  • Less developed infrastructure
  • Small village (strong community identity)
34
Q

How is the built environment of Lympstone different to that of Toxteth

A

Lympstone is largerly semi-detached and detached, while Toxteth is mostly terraced with many derelict buildings

35
Q

How do shifting flows shape a place

A
  • changes to the people living in a place change its profile
  • migration can change the demography
  • stages in lifestyle influences where people live
  • in AC’s there has been an increase in mobility, car ownership and improvements in transport
36
Q

How do resources shape a place

A
  • places posses different natural resources which help to shape its place profile
  • the local availability of mineral resources can lead to the establishment of a community focused on mining
  • if the resource runs out, the place undergoes change
  • increasingly, technology is a resource which influences place profile
  • if a place gains a new resource, development can occur
37
Q

How does money and investment shape a place

A
  • places require money to funtion
  • governments are an important source of investment
  • TNCs operate internationally
  • changes can be brought when a TNC invests/leave a country
  • the opening/closing of a shop can have an impact on a place profile
38
Q

How do ideas shape a place

A
  • the service sector is having an increasing role in people’s life
  • places that can participate fully in the knowledge economy develop a distinctive place profile
39
Q

What evidence is there of shifting flows of resources and ideas in Toxteth’s change in local employment

A
  • 2015 survey showed a lack of skilled workers (need for socio-economic change)
  • Unemployment and poverty led to the 1981 Toxteth riots
  • Containerisation and migration of docks northwards and to the river mouth caused high unemployment
40
Q

What evidence is there of shifting flows of resources and ideas in Toxteth’s global redevelopment

A
  • EU funding in the form of the Structural Investments Fund Strategy, linked to the low carbon sector: the largest offshore wind farm is in Liverpool Bay
  • In 2008 Liverpool was the European Capital of Culture (tertiary employment)
  • The waterfront is a UNESCO world heritage site (employment)
41
Q

What evidence is there of shifting flows of resources and ideas in Toxteth’s regional redevelopment

A
  • Liverpool Science Park (2003)
  • The Tate Liverpool (1988) (tertiary employment)
  • Merseyside Development Corporation of the 1980s regenerated former docks
  • SInce the 1980s, many initiatives have attempted to rebrand Toxteth
42
Q

What evidence is there of shifting flows of resources and ideas in Lympstone’s local employment

A
  • Part of the flow into the Exeter region
  • Growing significance of the knowledge economy, with over 1/3 employed residents being managers, directors, senior officials or in professional occupations
43
Q

What evidence is there of shifting flows of resources and ideas in Lympstone’s national redevelopment

A
  • University with around 3,000 staff
  • Major hospital
  • HQ of many firms in service and tech
44
Q

What evidence is there of shifting flows of resources and ideas in Lympstone’s regional redevelopment

A
  • Strong economic stimulus (knowledge based jobs)

- The Met office moved from Reading to Exeter in 2003 (largest move of IT equipment at the time)

45
Q

What are the differences between Toxteth and Lympstone

A
  • Toxtheth is significantly more urban
  • Lympstone has a much older and less diverse population
  • Lympstone’s population is generally wealthier, healthier and better educated

OCR A level Geog p2-Changing spaces making places (11 decks)

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