1.Amines ,Polymers and chirality

Question 1

What is an amine?

Answer 1

Replace 1+ H on a NH₃ with an alkyl chain

Question 2

Name of CH₃CH₂NH₂

Answer 2

ethylamine

Question 3

Name of (CH₃)₂NH

Answer 3

dimethylamine

or

N-methylmethylamine

Question 4

name of (CH₃CH₂)₂NCH₃

Answer 4

diethylmethylamine

or

N,N-diethylmethylamine

Question 5

What amine are soluble?

Answer 5

small ones as they can hydrogen bond.

Question 6

What are alkylamins? and arylamines

Answer 6

alkyl is a straght chain

aryl is on a benzene ring

Question 7

Synthisis of alkylamines

Answer 7

warm a halogenoalkane with EXCESS NH₃ in ethanol

is a neucleophilic substitution

CH₃CH₂Cl+ 2NH₃ —> CH₃CH₂NH₂ + NH₄CL

in excess so you dont produce tertiary/secondary

Question 8

How is an amine a base?

Answer 8

a native covelant bond forms between the N and the H⁺ to accept a proton

Question 9

AMin + acid —>

Answer 9

salt

eg methylamine sulphate

Question 10

Synthisis of arylamine

Answer 10

1. Nitrate benzene . conc HNO₃ + H₂SO₄ below 50 deg
2. Reduce nitrobenzene with tin+conc HCL under reflux
3. Nitrobenzene + 6[H] –> phenylamine + 2water

Question 11

What is an amino acid?

Answer 11

Question 12

What is a peptide?

Answer 12

multiple amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

water is lost and the n is bonded to the c from the COOH part.

Question 13

what is the isoelectric point?

Answer 13

The PH at which the amino acid exists as a the zeitterion (overall neutral)

Question 14

what is a zwitterion?

Answer 14

a dipolar ionic form of an amino acid tht is formed by the donation of a hydrogen ion from the carboxyl group to the amino group. has no overall charge

Question 15

At a ph above the iso electric point the amino acid is…

Answer 15

in the form COO^-

Question 16

At a ph below the iso electric point the amino acid is…

Answer 16

in the form NH₃⁺

Question 17

Define structural isomerism?

Answer 17

some molecular formula different structual formular

Question 18

Types of structural isomerism?

Answer 18

1. Chain isomers (branched chain)
2. Positional isomers (position of functional groups)
3. Functional group (different functional group , eg keytone/aldehyde. carbo acid/ester)

Question 19

define sterioisomers

Answer 19

same structural formula but with a different arangement of atoms in space

Question 20

types of sterioisomers

Answer 20

1. geometric (E/Z, cis/trans)
2. optical (non superimposable mirror images)

Question 21

What is a chiral centre?

Answer 21

When a carbon has 4 different groups attached to it its known as a chiral centre

Question 22

a molecule witn n chiral centers has….. optical isomers?

Answer 22

2ⁿ

Question 23

what denotes a chiral centre?

Answer 23

* ont he chiral carbon

Question 24

what is a racemate

Answer 24

a 50/50 mixture of both optical isomers

Question 25

what is seperating the optical isomers in a racemate called?

Answer 25

resolving

its very difficult

Question 26

how to identify optical isomers?

Answer 26

polarise light opposite ways.

Question 27

three reasons its desirable to givbe asingle chiral drug?

Answer 27

1. Dose is reduced
2. Possible side effects are reduced
3. Pharmacological activity is improved

Question 28

How can a single optical isomer be created?

Answer 28

1. Chiral pool synthisis- using a single isomer as the starting point.
2. Chiral catalyst- enzyme/chiral metal complex.

Question 29

Whats different about naturally occuring molecules that could have chiral centres

Answer 29

they are only mad eof one optical isomer, as its made by enzymes

Question 30

How to form polyesters?

Answer 30

1. Dicarboxillic acid and Diol
2. Hydroxy acid (has a OH and a OOH end)

Question 31

How to form polyamides?

Answer 31

1. amino acids
2. dicarboxilic acid and a diamine

Question 32

Ester link?

Answer 32

Question 33

Polyamide link?

Answer 33

Question 34

what kind of polymer are polyesters and poly amides?

Answer 34

condensation

when formed water is lost

Question 35

Alkaline hydrolysis of a polyamide?

Answer 35

aqeuous sodium hydroxide at 100 degrees

• Carboxilate salt and amine is formed
• reflux

Question 36

acid hydrolysis of poly amide?

Answer 36

water is needed, acid

Carboxilic acid and amine salt

reflux

Question 37

acid hydrolysis for polyester?

Answer 37

heat and aqeuous acid

reflux

heat

makes diol and dicarboxilic acid

Question 38

alkali hydrolysis for polyesters

Answer 38

aqeuous NaOH

reflux

heat

makes diol and carboxolate salt.

Question 39

number of water molcules mad ein condensation polymerisation

Answer 39

(2n-1)

Question 40

Uses of polyesters

Answer 40

carpets, clothes, bedding

Question 41

uses of polyamides

Answer 41

nylon, kevlar

Question 42

what is a biodegradable polymer?

Answer 42

a polymer that breaks down completly into carbon dioxide and water

Question 43

what is a degradable polymer?

Answer 43

a polymer that breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to light, heat or moisure.

Question 44

acid hydrolysis of a peptide?

Answer 44

water and acid and reflux

Question 45

alkali hydrolysis of a peptide?

Answer 45

100 degrees , aquaus sodium hydroxide reflux

Question 46

What is a condensation polymer?

Answer 46

when monomers join together to form a chain and another small molecule eg water is lost.

Question 47

Alkene + water (steam)

Answer 47

acid catalyst

Oh on one side of db , H on the other forming 2 isomers.

Question 48

How can a NH₂ act as a base

Answer 48

lone pair on Nitrogen accepts PRoton/H⁺ to form dative bond

Question 49

How can amino acids have different isoelectric points?

Answer 49

Extra NH₂ groups mean the ph of the isoelectric point is higher

Extra COOH groups mean the ph of the isoelectric point is lower