1b

Question 1

Crude oils have different amounts of different hydrocarbons

Answer 1

But never enough petrol sized molecules for our needs 🙁

Question 2

The longer alkane molecules are broken down into shorter molecules

Answer 2

(Skip)

Question 3

What is the formula for decane?

Answer 3

C10H22

Question 4

What does the = symbol mean in a structural diagram?

Answer 4

A double bond

Question 5

What is meant by thermal decomposition?

Answer 5

Breaking substances down into simpler substances using heat

Question 6

Steam cracking uses steam and a temperature of 850 degrees.

Answer 6

Catalytic cracking uses a catalyst and a temperature of 600 degrees

Question 7

Give one advantage and disadvantage of using steam cracking (850 degrees)

Answer 7

Advantage-the steam is relatively cheap

Disadvantage-the higher temperature means that more energy is needed

Question 8

Now give one advantage and disadvantage of using catalyst cracking (600 degrees)

Answer 8

Advantage- Lower temperature needed so it saves energy

Disadvantage- there is the cost of the catalyst

Question 9

CRACKING DONE!! 🎉

Answer 9

NOW ONTO ALKENES 😩

Question 10

How are alkenes different from alkanes?

Answer 10

Alkenes have a double bond, Alkanes do not

Alkenes, sounds like alKEEN=keen to get a partner= double bond because there’s two of them

Question 11

Alkenes are said to be unsaturated hydrocarbons. But what do chemists mean by unsaturated?

Answer 11

There are double bonds the can be broken down to allow more atoms to join into the molecule

Question 12

What can you add to hydrocarbons to test wether any double bonds are present?

Answer 12

Bromine water

Question 13

What would you expect to see if there were any double bonds?

Answer 13

The orange colour of the bromine water would turn to colourless

Question 14

What is added to ethene to produce ethanol?

Answer 14

Water or steam

Question 15

Ethanol made from sugars is a renewable biofuel. What is a biofuel?

Answer 15

A fuel made from biological material

Question 16

Give an advantage of using sugars to produce Ethanol for use as a car fuel

Answer 16

The fuel is renewable

Or, it does not contribute to global warming

Question 17

Give a disadvantage of using sugars to produce Ethanol for use as a car fuel

Answer 17

-It uses a lot of land, land that could be used to grow crops for people, this forces the food prices up

Question 18

What is meant by a polymer?

Answer 18

A chain of repeating molecules bonded together

Question 19

What word do we use to describe a small molecule used to make the polymer?

Answer 19

Monomer

Question 20

There are many different types of man-made polymers. Guttering is made from PVC , which is made from a small molecule.
Explain why we need different types of polymers

Answer 20

Guttering needs to be stronger than poly(ethene)

We need materials with different properties for different functions

Question 21

Compare how PVC guttering’s properties need to be different from wrapping polymers like clingfilm

Answer 21

Guttering’s need to be rigid whereas clingfilm needs to be flexible

Question 22

Plastic polymers are easily moulded into shape, and are low density, waterproof and resistant to acids and alkalis. They are used on car and aircraft bodies

Answer 22

.

Question 23

Give three reasons why these expensive plastics are being used in cars and aircraft

Answer 23

They are lightweight meaning the cars and the planes weigh less, they use less fuel, and it is much easier to mound into the required shapes

Question 24

Gore-tex is a designer fabric, it lets water vapour through but not liquid water. Explain why it is a good choice from which to make an outdoor coat

Answer 24

It will stop you from getting wet, but let evaporated sweat to pass out of the coat

Question 25

Suggest why the use of designer polymers is likely to increase in the future

Answer 25

To make materials better suited to their use, or different applications

Question 26

What is meant by biodegradable?

Answer 26

Broken down by natural decay (fungi, small animals and plants and microbes)

Question 27

Suggest why cornstarch bags may be more biodegradable than plastic bags

Answer 27

The cornstarch will provide food for the organisms that eat it which breaks down the bag. The hydrocarbon based plastic bags cannot be eaten by organisms

Question 28

There are three ways to dispose of polymer waste. Sent to a Landfill site, incinerated or it can be recycled. Suggest one problem with each of these methods:

Answer 28

}Landfill sites- it won't degrade quickly and will fill up landfill sites }Incinerating- produce poisonous or obnoxious gases }Recycling- there are lots of different polymer types so sorting would be costly

Question 29

Describe what is likely to happen to a biodegradable polymer when it decomposes

Answer 29

Microbes digest the cornstarch polymer leaving small pieces of hydrocarbon polymer not degraded

Question 30

Suggest why this makes it unsuitable to be used to make compost, even though it contains plant materials, such as cornstarch and is biodegradable

Answer 30

The hydrocarbon-based polymers that remain after the cornstarch has degraded may not be good to grow plants

Question 31

Compare the benefits of disposing of the biodegradable polymer by landfill and by incineration

Answer 31

Landfill does not pollute the air, incineration provides heat energy that can be used for electrical generation or heating homes

Question 32

THATS POLYMERS DONE 🎉

Answer 32

Now onto oils from plants. Ooo😛

Question 33

Why are plant oils suitable for use as fuels?

Answer 33

They are rich in energy

Question 34

From which part of the plant is the plant oil obtained?

Answer 34

Seeds, nuts and fruits

Question 35

Describe how the plant oil is obtained from the plant

Answer 35

The plant parts are crushed, and the oil filtered from the pulp. Leaving just the oils

Question 37

Biofuels are fuels made from animal or plant materials. They are considered greener that fossil fuels. Evaluate the economic and environmental benefits of using biofuels. Include two advantages and disadvantages

Answer 37

Advantages-cheaper that fossil fuels, renewable resource, carbon neutral, could use agricultural waste products such as manure/ waste from food crops

Question 38

Disadvantages- reduction in land for food use, rainforest turned into land to grow fuel crops, increase in costs of food crops as reduced land available to grow food

Answer 38

Comparison and conclusion with both advantages and disadvantages on both methods and a clear preference

Question 39

Plant oils are far more viscous that diesel. Describe how they can be modified to be used in Diesel engines

Answer 39

Plant oils can be reacted with alcohols such as methanol, to make a less viscous esters, that can be used in Diesel engines

Question 40

Soft or liquid vegetable fats are often converted into harder vegetable fats by reacting the fat with a hydrogen using a catalyst such as nickel. What is the purpose of using a nickel catalyst?

Answer 40

It speeds up the reaction

Question 41

EMULSIONS

Answer 41

KEEP GOING!! 😊😊🎉🎉🎉

Question 42

What word do we use to describe two liquids that don't mix together?

Answer 42

Immiscible

Question 43

When making salad cream, egg yolk is added to a mixture of oil, water, vinegar and powdered mustard. Name the aqueous substances in the mixture

Answer 43

The water and vinegar

Question 44

What is the purpose of the egg yolk?

Answer 44

To act as an emulsifying agent

Question 54

Describe the difference between a vegetable oil and a mineral oil

Answer 54

Vegetable oils come from plants, and mineral oils are from crude oil or fossil fuels

Question 55

What does the term 'hydrophilic' mean?

Answer 55

Water loving, like a dolphin

Question 56

What does the term hydrophobic mean?

Answer 56

It means Water fearing, like a cat

Question 57

EARTH!! 🌎

Answer 57

Wooo almost there haha, keep on going!! 🎉🎉🎉😩😩

Question 58

What is a tectonic plate?

Answer 58

It is a piece of the Earths crust

Question 59

Where are we most likely to find volcanoes?

Answer 59

At the edges of the tectonic plates

Question 60

Explain why volcanoes are found in these places

Answer 60

The meeting of the plates creates pressure in the mantle, this is relieved by magma being forced to the surface. Making a volcano 🌋

Question 61

In spring 2011, a tsunami hit the east coat of Japan. What do we mean by a tsunami?

Answer 61

A tidal wave

Question 62

How was the tsunami caused?

Answer 62

An Earthquake took place in the Earths crust beneath the sea. The movement of the crust caused a shockwave in the water

Question 63

The Rocky Mountains are located on the western edge of the North American coast. These mountains are created by the Pacific and North American plates colliding. Creating mountains and volcanoes. Describe how the colliding plates caused these to form

Answer 63

The ocean plate is thinner than the continental plate, so it goes underneath the continental plate. This forces the continental plate higher on the mantle, raising up mountains. The thin plates allow magma to come through causing a volcano 🌋

Question 64

What is the order of the Earths structure. From centre to the crust (there's two of them haha)

Answer 64

``` Inner core Outer core Convection currents The mantle The crust ```

Question 65

Describe how mountains are made by tectonic plates and convection currents

Answer 65

The plates are moved by convection currents. Where they collide and move/slide over each other, one raises up to cause mountains

Question 66

Rivers flow down mountains. Describe how these rivers for valleys

Answer 66

Water erodes away at the rocks, this causes a channel. And over hundreds/ thousands of years this channels turns into a valley

Question 67

AIR, well you need it to survive so we need to know about it too I guess

Answer 67

🎉🎉🎉

Question 68

The composition of the air has not always been the same since the Earth formed. It has changed. Where do we think the early atmosphere came from?

Answer 68

Volcanoes 🌋

Question 69

How old is the Earth?

Answer 69

4.7 billion years old. And never once has it had a birthday card 😔

Question 70

Explain why life could only exist in the sea until the ozone appeared in the atmosphere

Answer 70

Ultraviolet light from the sunlight would kill it. The ozone protected the life from The ultraviolet light by filtering it down to a survivable amount

Question 71

What is meant by fractional distillation?

Answer 71

It means turning the gas mixture into a liquid and then collecting and separating the different gasses by their boiling points

Question 72

Primitive life first evolved about 3.4 billion years ago. No one knows how it evolved, although there are many different theory's. explain why scientists do not know how life began

Answer 72

There are no fossil records of early life, it was too small to leave traces

Question 73

Suggest why most theory's believe that life began in the seas

Answer 73

The seawater meant that the ultraviolet light couldn't damage or kill the emerging life

Question 74

Miller and Urey suggested that what was a key variable in the formation of life?

Answer 74

Lightning ⛈

Question 75

They used a solution representing seawater from 4 billion years ago, filled their apparatus with the gasses present 4 billion years ago and passed electric sparks through the atmosphere.

Answer 75

They analysed the seawater a week later

Question 76

Name the three gasses they used to make the atmosphere of 4 billion years ago

Answer 76

Ammonia Methane Hydrogen

Question 77

Name two types of compounds they found in the seawater which had no been there at the start

Answer 77

Sugars/ribose sugars | And amino acids

Question 78

Explain why the experiment did not prove that this was how life was created

Answer 78

It didn't make a living thing. It only make the building blocks that are present in living things

Question 79

Explain why burning biofuels is said to be 'carbon neutral'

Answer 79

The carbon dioxide produced by burning that then goes into the air has recently been removed from the air by photosynthesis

Question 80

What do we mean by a carbon-based fuel?

Answer 80

It is a fuel made from compounds containing a lot of carbon atoms

Question 81

Explain why burning fossil fuels raises the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but biofuels are considered to be neutral

Answer 81

Fossil fuel carbon can be locked up for millions of years and released quickly, whereas biofuel carbon has only recently been removed from the air and is returned as quickly as photosynthesis takes place

Question 82

Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by dissolving in seawater. What problems might this process cause?

Answer 82

Carbon dioxide is an acidic gas, so it will effect the pH of the water. This change in pH may dissolve sea shells, make it hard for plants to photosynthesise, in turn killing some organisms

Question 83

WOOO YOU'VE DONE IT. THATS CHEMISTRY 1b OUT THE WAY

Answer 83

Now have a break, get some food, have a cup of tea. Then back to it 🎉🎉😩😩