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Human Rights > 1.b. Patterns of human rights violations are influenced by a range of factors. > Flashcards

1.b. Patterns of human rights violations are influenced by a range of factors. Flashcards

1
Q

What does article 3 of the UDHR state?

A

“Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security”.

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2
Q

What does the human right: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security”, include?

A

Forced labour.

Maternal mortality rates.

Capital punishment.

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3
Q

Maps and statistics of global patterns of human rights may show what?

A

Significant spatial variations.

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4
Q

What is forced labour?

A

Situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation or by more subtle means such as accumulation of debt, retention of identify papers or threats of denunciation (the informing of) to immigration authorities.

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5
Q

Globally, how many people are victims of forced labour?

A

25 million.

These jobs are synonymous with forced labour because:

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6
Q

Globally, how many people are exploited in economic activities such as agriculture, construction, domestic work and manufacturing?

A

16 million.

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7
Q

Why are economic activities such as agriculture, construction, domestic work, and manufacturing synonymous with forced labour?

A

People are less educated, so generally less aware of their rights.

Don’t require qualifications.

The jobs are not very desirable, and consist of hard manual labour. This leaves them more open to exploitation.

Large industries are difficult to check and regulate.

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8
Q

What global regions have a high prevalence of forced labour jobs?

A

Middle Eastern and South East Asian countries.

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9
Q

How many people are in forced sexual exploitation?

A

4.9 million.

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10
Q

How many people are in forced labour imposed by state authorities?

A

4.1 million.

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11
Q

Where is modern slavery most seen?

A

Sweatshops.

Underground sectors.

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12
Q

Why are women most likely to complete forced sexual exploitation?

A

Easy to manipulate.

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13
Q

Outline state-imposed forced labour.

A

Agriculture, construction.

Completed by stereotypical males, (physical strength).

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14
Q

Give an example of a situation of forced state-imposed labour.

A

Young males being forced to train for war.

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15
Q

Give an example of a recent example of modern slavery. Explain.

A

Qatar Olympic stadium construction.

Saudi Arabia sports clothes were washed by victims of modern slavery.

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16
Q

Why is forced marriage completed?

A

Tradition - girls forced into marriages.

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17
Q

Why are many females forced in marriage?

A

Generally weaker.

Coercion may be easier.

They may need to provide for an infant, so the acquisition of resources may be more desperate.

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18
Q

In what countries is their an uneven distribution of modern slavery victims?

A
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19
Q

What countries in Centra Africa have an uneven distribution of modern slavery?

A

Democratic Republic of the Congo

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20
Q

What countries in South East Asia have an uneven distribution of modern slavery?

A

India, Thailand, Indonesia.

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21
Q

Where are the overall highest modern slavery incidence rates? Are their any anomalies?

A

East Asian countries.

Japan is an anomaly.

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22
Q

Where are the overall lowest modern slavery incidence rates?

A

Scandinavia.

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23
Q

What regions are not affected by modern slavery?

A

No region is not affected.

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24
Q

What are 3 examples of forced labour/ modern slavery?

A

Sweatshops: textile factories, underground sectors - Laos and Thailand.

Agriculture and construction - primary sectors.

African Mines: DRC -> gold, minerals, cobalt. Cobalt value drastically increased due to the prevalence of mobile phones.

Domestic workers, (often female), South East Asian and African homes.

Sex slaves, (often female).

Bonded labour: Someone is ‘tied to somebody’ - having their passport taken away and their identity stripped. E.g. construction jobs especially in Gulf States.

Begging, common in Europe.

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25
Q

State 2 economic factors that influence global variations of forced labour.

A

Poverty.

Low wages.

Lack of economic opportunities and unemployment.

Migration and seeking work.

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26
Q

State 2 political factors that influence global variations of forced labour.

A

Political instability.

Conflict, creates potential source of area for trafficking.

Weak/ no rule of law to protect people from trafficking and forced labour e.g. artisanal miners in DRC with very dangerous working conditions vulnerable to exploitation.

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27
Q

State 2 social factors that influence global variations of forced labour.

A

Age, (children).

High levels of discrimination/prejudice.

Women and children trafficking for sexual exploitation e.g. through organised crime in Europe and Nigeria.

Indigenous people.

Gender inequality results in exploitation of women, compounded by restrictions such as a lack of education.

Hazardous working conditions in open mines.

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28
Q

State 2 environmental factors that influence global variations of forced labour.

A

Escaping climate-related disasters, including food and water shortages.

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29
Q

State 2 economic-environmental factors that influence global variations of forced labour.

A

Subsistence farming.

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30
Q

State an economic-political factors that influence global variations of forced labour.

A

Corruption.

State sponsorship of modern slavery, e.g. cotton harvesting in Uzbekistan.

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31
Q

State a socio-political factors that influence global variations of forced labour.

A

Entire families enslaved through bonded labour, e.g. construction, agriculture, garment factories in India and Pakistan.

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32
Q

Where were many migrant workers from during the construction of the stadium?

(Qatar, World Cup, 2022)

A

Bangladesh and Pakistan.

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33
Q

What were construction workers from rural India promised during the construction of the Qatar stadium?

(Qatar, World Cup, 2022)

A

Fake promises for the stadium.

Many died on unsafe sites.

No water and food breaks.

Hot temperatures.

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34
Q

The 2022 World Cup took place in Qatar, what was prohibited in the country?

A

Public relations.

Drinking alcohol.

Freedom of sexuality.

Sports captains wearing LGBTQ arm bands.

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35
Q

How were the working conditions on the Qatar stadium horrific?

A

Over 53 degrees celsius, with no safety equipment.

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36
Q

Why was the Qatar modern slavery incident not dealt with? Why?

A

Workers were too scared to speak out.

This is because they feared abuse.

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37
Q

What is geopolitics?

A

Refers to the global balance of political power and international relations.

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38
Q

Contemporary geopolitical power has a very uneven spatial distribution. What are the views of the USA?

(Geopolitics)

A

Contemporary geopolitical power has a very uneven spatial distribution. What are the different perspectives?:

The USA is the only superpower.

It may have lost its place to China as the world’s leading trading nation but it remains dominant militarily and politically.

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39
Q

Contemporary geopolitical power has a very uneven spatial distribution. What are the views of the IMF?

(Geopolitics)

A

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) there are ACs, EDCs, and LIDCs.

There are inequalities in power between individual states depending on wealth, political strength and development.

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40
Q

Contemporary geopolitical power has a very uneven spatial distribution. What are the views of the economic organisations?

(Geopolitics)

A

There are supranational political and economic organisations such as the UN, EU, ASEAN and OPEC, which exert greater geopolitical influence than their individual member states.

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41
Q

Contemporary geopolitical power has a very uneven spatial distribution. What are the views on the effects of globalisation?

(Geopolitics)

A

There are the effects of globalisation in which trans-state organisations such as TNCs have considerable influence on the countries in which they invest.

42
Q

The geopolitics of intervention in human rights issues requires an understanding of… state 3 factors.

(Geopolitics)

A

Political composition of the groups of countries and organisations that are involved in intervention.

Nature of the intervention itself.

Reasons why intervention has been deemed necessary.

Characteristic features of the country, government and peoples affected.

Possible political, socioeconomic, and environmental consequences of intervention.

Complexity of human rights issues and their spatial patterns.

43
Q

What is maternal mortality?

(MMR)

A

‘The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy […] from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management’.​ (WHO)​

44
Q

What is MMR?

(MMR)

A

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes).​

45
Q

What can save the lives of women and new-borns?

(MMR)

A

Care by skilled health professionals before, during and after childbirth.

46
Q

Every day in 2020, almost how many women died from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth?

(MMR)

A

800.

47
Q

A maternal death occurred almost…?

(MMR)

A

Every two minutes in 2020.

48
Q

Between 2000 and 2020, the maternal mortality ratio dropped by about what percentage worldwide?

(MMR)

A

About 34% .

49
Q

Almost what percentage of all maternal deaths occurred in low and lower middle-income countries in 2020.

(MMR)

A

Almost 95%.

50
Q

What is the global distribution of maternal mortality?

(Global maternal mortality ratios)

A

Africa Sub- Saharan and Central Africa have an MMR of > 1000 e.g. DRC.

South America, e.g. Bolivia (100-299).

USA 1-19 per 100,000 - considerably less than elsewhere.

51
Q

Where do most maternal deaths occur? What area is worst affected? Give an example.

(Global maternal mortality ratios)

A

LIDCs

Worst affected areas are all in Sub-Saharan Africa.

South Sudan: 1150 per 100,000 live births.
Chad: 1140 per 100,000 live births.

52
Q

Where do most maternal deaths occur? What area is worst affected? Give an example.

(Global maternal mortality ratios)

A

ACs
Lowest affected areas are in the most developed countries of Europe.

Italy: 2 per 100,000 live births.
UK: 9 per 100,000 live births.

53
Q

What are the 3 main causes of maternal mortality?

(Causes of maternal mortality)

A

Severe bleeding.

Infection.

Pre-eclampsia.

54
Q

Outline ‘severe-bleeding’ as a cause of maternal mortality.

(Causes of maternal mortality)

A

After birth can kill a healthy woman within hours if she is unattended.

Injecting oxytocic immediately after childbirth effectively reduces the risk of bleeding.

55
Q

Outline ‘infection’ as a cause of maternal mortality.

(Causes of maternal mortality)

A

After childbirth can be eliminated if good hygiene is practiced and if early signs of infection are recognised and treated in a timely manner.​

56
Q

Outline ‘pre-eclampsia’ as a cause of maternal mortality.

(Causes of maternal mortality)

A

Should be detected and appropriately managed before the onset of convulsions (eclampsia) and other life-threatening complications.

Administering drugs such as magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia can lower a woman’s risk of developing eclampsia.

57
Q

Outline a cultural cause of maternal mortality.

(Causes of maternal mortality)

A

Women in developing countries have, on average, many more pregnancies than women in developed countries, and their lifetime risk of death due to pregnancy is higher.

Cultural barriers which affect discrimination.

58
Q

Outline a economic cause of maternal mortality.

(Causes of maternal mortality)

A

Access to treatment for pregnancy and birth complications, especially emergency care.

Quality of medical services, especially having trained/skilled professionals at birth.

59
Q

Outline a political cause of maternal mortality.

(Causes of maternal mortality)

A

Level of government investment.

Availability of information and education.

60
Q

There are large maternal mortality disparities within countries, not just between them.

Maternal mortality is higher in women living in rural areas and among poorer communities. Why? Give 3 reasons.

(Causes of maternal mortality)

A

Less access to clean safe water.

Further form hospitals/healthcare. (lack of transport).

Lack of education and access to safe abortions -> may be unhygienically forced.

Culturally dependent - some rural communities encourage this (much more traditional).

Younger women also subject to pregnancies, and this is more dangerous as bodies are not fully developed.

61
Q

Since 2000, Global reduction in MMR has been what percentage?

(Global variations of MMR)

A

38.4%​.

62
Q

Since, 2000, where has the greatest reduction of MMR been? What percentage?

(Global variations of MMR)

A

South East Asia – 57.3%​

63
Q

Why has there been a global reduction in MMR, what are the 4 reasons?

(Global variations of MMR)

A

MDGs.

SDGs.

Influence of the WHO.

International treaties.

64
Q

Outline ‘MDGs’ as a cause of global reduction in MMR.

(Global variations of MMR)

A

MDG number 5 - improve maternal health.

65
Q

What are MDGs?

(Global variations of MMR)

A

Maternal development goals.

A set of 8 international development goals for the year 2015 created following the Millennium Summit.

66
Q

What are SDGs?

(Global variations of MMR)

A

Sustainable development goals.

Adopted by all United Nations members in 2015, created 17 world SDGs.

They were created with the aim of creating “peace and prosperity for people and the planet”.

67
Q

Outline ‘SDGs’ as a cause of global reduction in MMR.

(Global variations of MMR)

A

SDG 3: includes an ambitious target:

“Reducing the global MMR to less than 70 per 100 000 births, with no country having a maternal mortality rate of more than twice the global average”.​

68
Q

Outline ‘WHO’ as a cause of global reduction in MMR.

(Global variations of MMR)

A

Improving maternal health is one of the WHO’s key priorities.
WHO is working with partners in supporting countries towards:

Preventing unintended pregnancies. All women need access to contraception and safe abortion services​.

Addressing inequalities in access to and quality of reproductive, maternal health care services.

All women need access to high quality care in pregnancy, and during and after childbirth. It is particularly important that all births are attended by skilled health professionals​

69
Q

Give an example of a treaty that has resulted in a global reduction in MMR.

(Global variations of MMR)

A

CEDAW.

70
Q

What is CEDAW?

(Global variations of MMR)

A

Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women.

71
Q

Nigeria experiences a large number of maternal mortalities. Give a statistic that demonstrates this.

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

Nigeria is second only to India in terms of the number of maternal deaths it experiences.

72
Q

What was the MMR in Nigeria (2013)?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

560 per 100,000 live births in 2013.

73
Q

UNICEF stated that Nigeria loses how many women to maternal mortality each day?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

145.

74
Q

Maternal mortality in Nigeria is linked to what other infant mortality?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

High level of maternal mortality is also linked to Nigeria’s high rate of deaths for children under 5.

75
Q

New-borns account for what fraction of the under five deaths which occur in the country.

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

1/4.

76
Q

There are many reasons why maternal mortality in Nigeria is so high. Name three.

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

A lack of access to healthcare.

Rampant poverty.

Substandard health care.

Prevalence of child marriage.

77
Q

Is healthcare better in rural areas than urban areas?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

No.

78
Q

What did Global One state about Nigeria?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

‘Women in urban areas have over twice as many deliveries taking place in public and private health facilitates than women in rural areas’.

79
Q

Why do rural women not give birth in hospitals?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

Not able to afford the transport to the hospitals in urban areas.

Instead they have to settle for midwives or traditional birth attendants - or no help at all - when giving birth.

80
Q

Rural pregnancies are sometimes monitored by traditional birth attendants. Why are traditional birth attendants not always useful?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

Many do not have the skills and training necessary for delivering a baby.

For example, treating complications that can occur during birth.

81
Q

Nigeria has a high poverty rate, with a 2010 report stating what?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

64.4% of the population lived in extreme poverty and 83.9% of the population lived in moderate to extreme poverty.

82
Q

What is a big contributor to Nigeria’s nigh MMR?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

People cannot afford the healthcare that they need.

83
Q

Even if women in Nigeria are able to have access to a hospital, they sometimes still end up suffering. Why? Give an example.

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

Some hospitals in Nigeria have substandard care.

E.g. Global One’s report states that substandard birth techniques in government hospitals in North-Central Nigeria accounted for 40% of all fistula injuries suffered by women in Nigeria.

84
Q

What is a fistula?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

According to the World Health Organisation, is a hole in the birth canal.

Fistulas are directly connected to obstructed labour, a problem that contributes to high levels of maternal mortality.

It is more common in women who give birth at a young age.

85
Q

How do child births increase MMRs in Nigeria?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

Contraceptive use is still stigmatised, many brides under the age of 18 are forced to give birth, and their bodies are very vulnerable to complications, therefore contributing to a high maternal mortality rate.

86
Q

In Nigeria, what percentage of girls get married before 18.

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

43%.

87
Q

In Nigeria, are girls under the age of 18 given the option whether to get pregnant or not?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

No, many are not given the option.

88
Q

In Nigeria, contraceptive use is slowly becoming more widespread and acceptable. What was contraceptive use like back in 2008?

(Case study: maternal mortality in Nigeria - 2015)

A

Only 10% of women used contraceptives.

89
Q

What is capital punishment?

(Capital punishment)

A

The practice of executing someone as punishment for a specific crime after a proper legal trial.​

90
Q

When is capital punishment used?

(Capital punishment)

A

Serious types of murder, but in some countries treason, types of fraud, adultery and rape are capital crimes.

91
Q

The death penalty contravenes the most basic of the human rights declarations. Which one?

(Capital punishment)

A

The ‘right to life’.​

92
Q

What governing body called for an end to the death penalty?

(Capital punishment)

A

The UN general Assembly.

93
Q

Human rights organisations such as Amnesty International campaign against what?

(Capital punishment)

A

Capital punishments use as a fundamental breach of human rights norms.​

94
Q

By the end of 2015, how many countries had completely abolished the death penalty​?

(Capital punishment)

A

102.

95
Q

How many people were executed globally in 2018?

(Capital punishment)

A

More than 690 people.

96
Q

What percentage of capital punishment executions in 2015 took place in just 3 countries?

(Capital punishment)

A

89%.

97
Q

What is the difference between a death sentence, and an execution?

(Capital punishment)

A

Death sentences occur over a pro-longed period of time, from conviction until execution, (so the criminal is not actually dead yet).

Executions are the actually killing of criminals.

98
Q

In 2018, how many people were sentenced to death? How many countries does this span?

(Capital punishment)

A

2531 sentenced to death in 54 countries.

99
Q

What are the 3 countries with the highest rates of death sentences?

(Capital punishment)

A

China: more than 1000.

Yemen: 269.

Egypt: 264.

100
Q

What is the global distribution of high capital punishment rates?

(Capital punishment)

A

LIDCs.

Areas with non-western cultures e.g. Saudi Arabia.

101
Q

What is the global distribution of low capital punishment rates?

(Capital punishment)

A

ACs.

However, countries such as Japan and USA are anomalies.

102
Q

Outline 3 factors that influence the global variation of capital punishment.

(Capital punishment)

A

Differences between countries in the range and type of crimes for which it is imposed.

The increase in the number of countries in which it is being abolished.

Its reinstatement in some countries for threats to state security and public safety posed by terrorism.

The incidence of its legality under national law.

Human Rights (3 decks)

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