1.C Flashcards
What is inflammation?
a physiologic response to tissue injury and infection
chronic or acute
True or false: inflammation is present in almost all diseases or conditions
true
What are some symptoms of acute inflammation?
swelling
redness
heat
pain
What is the purpose acute inflammatory response?
provides protection by:
-restricting damage to the localized site
-recruiting immune cells to eliminate invading pathogens
-initiating wound repair
How do the clotting and kinin systems aid in acute inflammation?
clotting: fibrin strands accumulate to stop the spread of infection and bleeding to outside
kinin: produces bradykinin which induces vasodilation and increased permeability
What is the role of mast cells in the acute inflammatory response?
degranulate to release histamine and activates prostaglandins and leukotrienes
this allows leakage of fluid from the blood vessels to the damaged tissue
Is acute inflammation a negative or positive feedback loop?
positive
more cells are recruited until the problem is resolved
What is the cause of heat, redness, and swelling during acute inflammation?
vasodilation (more fluid arrives and moves)
What is the cause of pain during acute inflammation?
swelling or the activation of nociceptors
What is diapedesis?
the movement of leukocytes out of the blood into the site of infection or tissue damage
What are the 4 steps in diapedesis?
- chemoattraction: granular substances draw leukocytes to the site of damage
- rolling adhesion: leukocyte makes weak bonds to receptors on the endothelial cell wall
- tight adhesion: cytokines and integrins bond strongly to the endothelial cell wall
- transmigration: leukocytes squeeze into tissue
What do leukocytes do after diapedesis?
phagocytize the invading pathogen and release mediators
(cytokines, histamines, PG, LT)
What do mediators do?
coordinate and regulate immune cell activities
antiviral, pro-inflammatory, or anti-inflammatory activity
act locally or systemically
they guide cells where to go (chemoattraction)
What does the chronic inflammatory response do?
continues after the acute response
cleans up debris
facilitates healing
What is chronic inflammation the result of?
continuous exposure to the offender
How do we characterize chronic inflammation?
accumulation and activation of macrophages and lymphocytes
fibroblasts that replace the original, damaged, or necrotic tissue
Where are inflammatory mediators found?
newly synthesized or preformed in granules
What are cytokines?
soluble factors secreted by activated immune cells
What are the major activities of cytokines?
promote inflammation and mediate natural immunity (IL-1, IL-8, IL-, TNF, IFN-a)
support allergic inflammation (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13)
immunoregulatory (IL-10, IL-12, TGF-b, IFN-y)
act as hematopoietic growth factors (IL-3, Il-12, GM-CSF)
What are “biologics”?
designed to affect cytokines
medications produced using biological processes
large and complex molecules
harvested from living sources
How do monoclonal antibodies work?
the antibody is the delivery system to target receptors or pathogens
attach a drug to an antibody which then only targets and affects specific cells
What kind of drug is Infliximab? How does it work?
biologic
Mab designed to target the cytokine TNF to reduce inflammatory bowel disease
What is typically used in patients with MS? What does it target?
natalizumab (a biologic)
a monoclonal antibody that blocks a4 integrin
Which type of antihistamines have a stronger anticholingergic effect?
1st gen
