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CCP 6 > 1D > Flashcards

1D Flashcards

1
Q

The means by which substances get through plasma membranes

A

Membrane transport

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2
Q

function of membrane transport

A
  • protein synthesis
  • cell reproduction
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3
Q

Responsible for specialized membrane functions

A

role of proteins

  • ion channels (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-)
  • enzymes
  • Receptors for hormones or other chemical messengers
  • Transport as channels or carriers
  • Recognition site
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4
Q

branched sugars attached to proteins that abut the extracellular space

A

Glycoproteins

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5
Q

the fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell’s surface

A

Glycocalyx

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6
Q

Barrier for cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

A

Plasma Membrane

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7
Q

Double phospholipid layer is composed of

A

Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails

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8
Q

A phospholipid has a backbone derived in carbon molecule called __________, with long carbon called fatty acid.

A

GLYCEROL

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9
Q

functions of the plasma membrane

A

1) acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell

2) controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell

3) helps identify the cell to other cells (eg. immune cells)

4) participates in intercellular signaling

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10
Q

a selectively permeable barrier

A

plasma membrane

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11
Q

_________ can enter the cell
_______________ are kept out

A

Nutrients
Undesirable substances

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12
Q

also a key determinant of membrane fluidity: at high temperatures, this acts to stabilize the cell membrane and increase its melting point; while at low temperatures, it inserts intophospholipidsand prevents them from interfering with each other to avoid aggregation

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

homogeneous mixture of two or more components (ex: air that we breath, fluid of plasma membrane, seawater, rubbing alcohol)

A

SOLUTION

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14
Q

dissolving medium; typically water in the body

A

SOLVENT

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15
Q

components in smaller quantities within a solution

A

SOLUTES

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16
Q

Contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles.

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID (cytosol; nucleoplasm)

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17
Q

solution that bathes the exterior of our cell and contains thousands of nutrients

A

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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18
Q

Fluid outside the cells

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

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19
Q

fluid found in the body of an organism;
includes the fluid outside (extracellular) and inside (intracellular) the cell.

A

body fluid

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20
Q

two types of passive transport

A

diffusion and
(simple & facilitated diffusion)
osmosis

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21
Q

passive transport

A

high concentration gradient to low concentration gradient

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22
Q

active transport

A

low/high concentration gradient to low/high concentration gradient that uses ATPs’ energy

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23
Q

Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution

Kinetic energy (energy of motion) causes the molecules to move about randomly.

A

Diffusion

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24
Q

Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

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25
Q

affect the speed of diffusion

A

size of the molecule and temperature

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26
Q

Molecules will diffuse only if

A

(1) The molecules are small enough to pass through the membrane’s pores.

(2) The molecule are lipid soluble

(3) The molecules are assisted by a membrane carrier

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27
Q

Diffusion are influence by several factors:

A
  • Steepness of the concentration gradient
  • Temperature
  • Mass of the diffusing substances
  • Surface area
  • Diffusion distance
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28
Q

An unassisted process
Solutes are lipid-soluble materials
- Fats
- Fat-soluble vitamins
- Oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
small enough to pass through membrane pores

A

simple diffusion

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29
Q

difussion types

A

simple & facilitated diffusion and osmosis

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30
Q

Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins (water pores) created by proteins in the membrane.

A

OSMOSIS

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31
Q

is the net movement of solvent molecules from a region of high solvent potential to a region of lower solvent.

A

simple diffusion of water (osmosis)

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32
Q

same solute & water concentration

No changes in cells, RBCs retain their normal size & disc-like shape.

A

Isotonic

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33
Q

contains more solutes or dissolved subs, than there inside the cells

Cells begin to shrink

given to patients with edema (swelling of the feet and hands due to fluid retention)

A

Hypertonic

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34
Q

Saline solution used often in medical field, contact lens fluid to help keep contact lenses clean and free from dust and pollutants

A

Hypertonic example

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35
Q

water enters the cell causing it to swell, bloat or explode

A

hypotonic

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36
Q

solution contains fewer solutes (ex. Distilled water)

A

hypotonic

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37
Q

Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport

Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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38
Q

Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure

A

Filtration

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39
Q

A pressure gradient must exist
Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a lower-pressure area

A

Filtration

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40
Q

used for transport

A

ATP

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41
Q

substances that were unable to pass by diffusion are transported by

A

active transport

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42
Q

Substances are transported when they are unable to pass by diffusion due to

A
  • Substances may be too large
  • may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane
  • may have to move against a concentration gradient
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43
Q

Two common forms of active transport

A

Active transport (solute pumping)
Vesicular transport

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44
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

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45
Q

Endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

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46
Q

Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called solute pumps

ATP energizes protein carriers

In most cases, substances are moved against concentration gradients

A

Active transport (solute pumping)

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47
Q

energizes protein carriers

A

ATP

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48
Q

Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called

A

solute pumps

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49
Q

Moves materials out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

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50
Q

Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle

A

Endocytosis

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51
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis—“cell eating”
Pinocytosis—“cell drinking”

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52
Q

one of the building blocks of body tissues

A

proteins

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53
Q

helps repair and build body’s tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions

also maintain proper pH and fluid balance

A

proteins

54
Q

is another type of passive transport, and refers to the movement of water and other molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system.

A

filtration

55
Q

a tightly regulated process that allows a cell to respond to its changing environment.

It acts as both an on/off switch to control when proteins are made and also a volume control that increases or decreases the amount of proteins made.

There are two key steps involved in making a protein, transcription and translation.

A

gene expression

56
Q

Many eukaryotic genes have a conserved promoter sequence called the _________, located 25 to 35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site.

A

TATA box

57
Q

The resulting product of RNA modification is a ________________ that passes through a pore in the nuclear envelope to reach the cytoplasm, where translation takes place.

A

functional mRNA molecule

58
Q

___________ in the cytoplasm carry out translation.

A

Ribosomes

59
Q

The small subunit of a ribosome has a binding site for mRNA; the larger subunit has three binding sites for tRNA molecules:

A

P site
A site
E site

60
Q

the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

translation

61
Q

binds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

A

Peptidyl site

62
Q

binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide

A

Aminoacyl site

63
Q

binds tRNA just before it is released from the ribosome.

A

Exit site

64
Q

also the codon for the amino acid methionine

A

AUG

65
Q

first amino acid in a growing polypeptide

A

methionine

66
Q

the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

A

gene expression

67
Q

the process by which the instructions in our DNA are converted into a functional product, such as a protein

A

gene expression

68
Q

refers to all of an organism’s proteins

A

proteome

69
Q

the large-scale study of proteomes.

A

proteomics

70
Q

This mostly occurs via the transcription of RNA molecules that code for proteins or non-coding RNA molecules that serve other functions.

A

gene expression

71
Q

transcription happens in

A

DNA

72
Q

translation happens in

A

RNA

73
Q

3 types of RNA

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

74
Q

carries code from DNA to ribosome for protein synthesis

A

messenger RNA

75
Q

assembles amino acids brought by tRNA in a specific order from mRNA to make proteins

made of RNA by the nucleolus

A

ribosomal RNA

76
Q

transports specific amino acid to ribosome for protein synthesis

A

transfer RNA

77
Q

2 phases of protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation

78
Q

the process in which a gene’s DNA sequence is copied to make an RNA molecule.

is the process in which mRNA copies a sequence of DNA.

A

transcription

79
Q

the main transcription enzyme

uses a single-stranded DNA template to synthesize a complementary strand of RNA

builds an RNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction, adding each new nucleotide to the 3’ end of the strand.

A

RNA polymerase

80
Q

the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene’s DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.

A

transcription

81
Q

uses a strand of DNA as a template to build a molecule called RNA.

the process of producing a strand of RNA from a strand of DNA

A

transcription

82
Q

DNA triplet
mRNA codon

A

AAT CGT TCG
UUA GCA AGC

83
Q

stages of transcription

A

initiation
elongation
termination

84
Q

a special nucleotide sequence located near the beginning of a gene where transcription begins

A

PROMOTER

85
Q

do code for segments of a protein

A

exons

86
Q

do not code for parts of proteins

A

introns

87
Q

enzymes that cut out the introns and splice together the exons

A

snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins)

88
Q

the process in which the genetic code carried by mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids; occurs on ribosomes

A

translation

89
Q

mRNA codon
anti-codon

A

UUA GCA AGC
AAU CGU UCG

90
Q

E
P
A

A

Exit site
Peptidyl site
aminoacyl site

91
Q

AUG

A

start codon

92
Q

UAA, UAG, UGA

A

stop codon

93
Q

division of the nucleus

  • Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei
A

Mitosis

94
Q

division of the cytoplasm

  • Begins when mitosis is near completion
  • Results in the formation of two daughter cells
A

Cytokinesis

95
Q

resting phase

A

G0

96
Q

growth and metabolism

A

G1

97
Q

DNA replication

A

S

98
Q

growth of structural elements

A

G2

99
Q

Mitosis

A

M

100
Q

the cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs

A

G2

101
Q

cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated

A

G1

102
Q

each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell

A

S

103
Q

DNA synthesis

A

S

104
Q

formation of 2 new daughter cells

A

MITOTIC PHASE

105
Q

First part of cell division

Centrioles migrate to the poles to direct assembly of mitotic spindle fibers

DNA appears as double-stranded chromosomes

Nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears

A

prophase

106
Q

Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate

A

metaphase

107
Q

Chromosomes are pulled apart and toward the opposite ends of the cell

Cell begins to elongate

A

anaphase

108
Q

Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin

Nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin

Spindles break down and disappear

A

telophase

109
Q

Begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase

A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts

A

cytokinesis

110
Q

associated with an increase in the incidence and severity of disease

A

aging

111
Q

process by which cell ages and permanently stops dividing but does mot die

Occurs throughout life

Arresting growth of damaged/dysfunctional cells

Beneficial early in life; may continue to aging later

A

Cell Senescence and Death

112
Q

senescence inducers

A

telomere dysfunction
chromatin perturbation
DNA damage
strong mitogenic signals

113
Q

senescent phenotype

A

growth arrest
functional changes
resistance to apoptosis

114
Q

can cause cancer

A

inducers

115
Q

allows cells to respond to inducers, but cells withdraw from the growth cycle – incapable of tumorigenesis

A

senescence

116
Q

allows cells to respond to inducers, but cells withdraw from the growth cycle – incapable of

A

tumorigenesis

117
Q

senescence includes multiple stages:

A

initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis.

118
Q

Contributions of Cell Senescence to Aging

A

Altered secretions of cells

Proteases, inflammatory cytokines, growth factors

Erosion of structure and integrity of tissues

119
Q

the cell never acts, it reacts

A

ernst haeckel

120
Q

small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells. When released, they signal the immune system to do its job.

A

cytokines

121
Q

affect the growth of all blood cells and other cells that help the body’s immune and inflammation responses.

A

Cytokines

122
Q

specific DNA sequences found only at the tips of each chromosome

These pieces of DNA protect the tips of chromosomes from erosion and from sticking to one another

A

telomeres

123
Q

can be induced byloss of telomeres after extensive proliferation, as well as exposure to a variety of stresses, such as oxidative stress, DNA-damaging agents or oncogene activation

A

Cellular senescence

124
Q

________, which stimulate cell division, primarily by relieving intracellular negative controls that otherwise block progress through the cell cycle.

A

mitogens

125
Q

hasbeneficial biological functions in the regulation of embryonic development, wound healing, resolution of fibrosis and tumour suppression. However, prolonged senescence can result in deleterious sequelae, including tumour development, chronic inflammation, immune deficit and stem cell exhaustion.

A

Cellular senescence

126
Q

are remarkably resistant to apoptosis, and several studies indicate that host defense mechanisms can enhance anti-apoptotic signaling, which subsequently induces a senescent, pro-inflammatory phenotype during the aging process.

A

Senescent cells

127
Q

a normal process accompanied by a progressive alteration of the body’s homeostatic adaptive responses. It produces observable changes in structure and function and increases vulnerability to environmental stress and disease.

A

aging

128
Q

The specialized branch of medicine that deals with the medical problems and care of elderly persons is

A

geriatrics

129
Q

the scientific study of the process and problems associated with aging

A

gerontology

130
Q

Although many millions of new cells normally are produced each minute, several kinds of cells in the body—including ______ cells and _____ cells—do not divide because they are arrested permanently in the G0 phase

A

skeletal muscle cells and nerve cells

131
Q

part of the genetic blueprint at birth

A

aging genes

132
Q
A

CCP 6 (8 decks)

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