1F Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
A body’s physiological reaction to any stimulus that evokes changes
A
stress
2
Q
Universal experience that can be a catalyst for a positive change or it can be the source of discomfort and pain
A
stress
3
Q
A stimulus that evokes the need to adapt
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STRESSOR
4
Q
a state when stressors evoke an ineffective response
A
DISTRESS
5
Q
results in positive outcome
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EUSTRESS
6
Q
An ongoing process by which individuals adjust to stressors in order to achieve homeostasis
A
ADAPTATION
7
Q
Describes as a holistic response which involves all dimensions of an individual physiological, psychological, cognitive, social and spiritual
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ADAPTATION
8
Q
Transmission of evaluative or corrective information on stress
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FEEDBACK
9
Q
It refers to how individuals respond and react to a given stressful situation or event
A
FEEDBACK
10
Q
An unconscious operations that protect the mind from anxiety
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DEFENSE MECHANISM
11
Q
Body’s self-regulation of physiological process
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HOMEOSTASIS
12
Q
State of rest and balance
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EQUILIBRIUM
13
Q
SOURCES OF STRESS
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INTERNAL STRESSORS
EXTERNAL STRESSORS
DEVELOPMENTAL STRESSOR
SITUATIONAL STRESSORS
14
Q
source of stress that originate within an individual
A
INTERNAL STRESSORS
15
Q
source of stress that Originate outside the individual
A
EXTERNAL STRESSORS
16
Q
source of stress that Occurs at predictable times throughout an individual’s life
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DEVELOPMENTAL STRESSOR
17
Q
source of stress that are unpredictable and may occur at any time during life. It may be positive or negative
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SITUATIONAL STRESSORS
18
Q
EFFECTS OF STRESS
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PHYSICALLY
EMOTIONALLY
INTELLECTUALLY
SOCIALLY
SPIRITUALLY
19
Q
Three main models of stress
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Stimulus-based models
Response-based models
Transaction-based models
20
Q
Stress is defined as: stimulus, life event, or a set of circumstances that arouses physiologic and psychologic reactions that may increase the individual’s vulnerability to illness
A
STIMULUS-BASED MODELS
21
Q
Characterized by a chain or pattern of physiologic events called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) or stress syndrome
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RESPONSE-BASED MODELS
22
Q
common stressors
A
Physiological
Psychological
Cognitive
Environmental
Sociocultural
23
Q
THREE (3) STAGES OF GAS
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ALARM
RESISTANCE
EXHAUSTION
24
Q
stage of GAS: When stimulus occurs, it signals to hypothalamus to release glucocorticoids (sugar) which release adrenaline and cortisol ( focuses on the production of energy ) which increases energy
A
ALARM
25
stage of GAS: The body attempts to cope with the stressor and to limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it
RESISTANCE
26
stage of GAS: In this stage, it will stimulate the parasympathetic branch wherein the parasympathetic branch will try to normalize through decreasing certain levels to attain homeostasis
RESISTANCE
27
stage of GAS: The body’s adaptation takes place.
RESISTANCE
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stage of GAS: End of this stage, the body may either rest and return to normal, or death may be ultimate consequence
EXHAUSTION
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stage of GAS: There is a depletion of energy - The difficult thing about not moving towards exhaustion stage if the stimulus is prolonged, it will have difficulty decreasing it to normality.
EXHAUSTION
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The body can also react locally; that is, one organ
or a part of the body reacts alone
LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (LAS)
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the physiological response to a stressor (e.g., trauma, illness) affecting a specific part of the body.
LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (LAS)
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Manifestations of Stress
Physiological
psychological
Cognitive
Behavior
Spiritual
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Views stressor as an individual response needed in psychological and cognitive process
TRANSACTION-BASED MODELS
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CONCEPT OF STRESS ADAPTATION (theoretical methods)
BETTY NEUMAN’S SYSTEM MODEL
RESPONSE-BASED MODEL OF STRESS
ADAPTATION MODEL
STIMULUS-BASED MODEL OF STRESS
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS
35
A nursing theory based on the individual’s relationship to stress, the reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature
BETTY NEUMAN’S SYSTEM MODEL
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Describes the system model as a unique open system based perspective that provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide range of concerns.
BETTY NEUMAN’S SYSTEM MODEL
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Based on the physiologic manifestation; flight and fright, controlled by the nervous system and endocrine system
RESPONSE-BASED MODEL OF STRESS
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Based on the understanding of a person; measures the preparedness or unpreparedness of a person in preventing stressors
ADAPTATION MODEL
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It also sees the individual as a bio-psychosocial being in continuous interaction with a changing environment
ADAPTATION MODEL
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focuses on distributing a disruptive event within the environment
STIMULUS-BASED MODEL OF STRESS
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Views stressor as an individual response needed in psychological and cognitive process
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS
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This primarily focuses on the concept that individuals capacity to cope and adjust the challenges and problems is a consequences of transactions or interactions that occur between the individual and the environment.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS
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FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPONSE TO STRESS
INTENSITY
SCOPE
DURATION
NUMBER & NATURE
PREDICTABILITY
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INDICATORS OF STRESS
Physiologic indicators
Psychologic indicators
Cognitive indicators
Coping
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Responses to stress vary depending on the individual’s perception of events. Result from activation of the sympathetic and neuroendocrine system of the body
PHYSIOLOGIC INDICATORS
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manifestations of this stress include anxiety, fear, anger, depression, and unconscious ego defense mechanisms.
Psychologic indicators
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level of anxiety that produces a slight arousal that enhances perception, learning, and produces abilities
MILD ANXIETY
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level of anxiety where the arousal to a point where the individual expresses feelings of tension, nervousness, or concern
MODERATE ANXIETY
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level of anxiety that consumes most of the individual’s energies and requires intervention
SEVERE ANXIETY
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an overpowering, frightening level of anxiety causing the individual to lose control
PANIC
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Foreboding or feeling of helplessness related to an impending or anticipated unidentified threat to self or significant relationships
ANXIETY
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It can be experienced at the conscious, subconscious, or unconscious level.
ANXIETY
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Is an emotion or feeling or apprehension aroused by impending or seeming danger, pain, or another perceived threat
FEAR
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An emotional state consisting of a subjective feeling of animosity (strong hostility) or strong displeasure
ANGER
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Is a common reaction to events that seem overwhelming or negative
DEPRESSION
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An extreme feeling of sadness, despair, dejection, lack of worth, or emptiness
DEPRESSION
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feelings of tiredness, sadness, emptiness, or numbness
Emotional symptoms
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irritability, inability to concentrate, difficulty making decisions, loss of sexual desire, crying, sleep disturbance, and social withdrawal
Behavioral signs of depression
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loss of appetite, weight loss, constipation, headache, and dizziness
Physical signs of depression
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Unconscious psychological adaptive mechanisms or mental mechanisms that develop as the personality attempts to defend itself, establish compromises among conflicting impulses, and calm inner tensions
EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM
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unconscious mind working to protect the person from anxiety
EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM
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thinking responses that include problem-solving, structuring, self-control or self- discipline, suppression, and fantasy.
Cognitive indicators of stress
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is the arrangement or manipulation of a situation so threatening events do not occur.
STRUCTURING
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is assuming a manner and facial expression that convey a sense of being in control or in charge.
SELF-CONTROL (discipline)
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Prevents panic and harmful or nonproductive actions in a threatening situation, it is a helpful response that conveys strength
SELF-CONTROL (discipline)
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is consciously and willfully putting a thought or feeling out of mind: “I won’t deal with that today. I’ll do it tomorrow.”
SUPPRESSION
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This response relieves stress temporarily but does not solve the problem
SUPPRESSION
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is likened to make-believe. Unfulfilled wishes and desires are imagined as fulfilled, or a threatening experience is reworked or replayed so it ends differently from reality
FANTASY OR DAYDREAMING
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Described as dealing with change successfully or unsuccessfully
COPING
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coping strategy that can be constructive and practical. In situations: talking with others and trying to find out more about the situation
Long-term coping strategies
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coping strategy that can reduce stress to a tolerable limit temporarily but are ineffective ways to permanently deal with reality.
Short-term coping strategies
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type of coping strategy that refers to efforts to improve a situation by making changes or taking action
PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING
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type of coping strategy that includes thoughts and actions that relieve emotional distress.
EMOTIONAL-FOCUSED COPING
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coping that helps the person deal effectively with stressful events and minimizes distress associated with them
Adaptive coping
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coping that can cause unnecessary distress for the person and others associated with a person or stressful event.
Maladaptive coping
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it is to measure well-being of an individual in relation to stress
Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS)
77
STAGES OF GRIEVING
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
78
Stage of grieving: avoidance, confusion, elation, shock, fear
Denial
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Stage of grieving: frustration, irritation, anxiety
anger
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Stage of grieving: struggling to find meaning, reaching out to others, telling one’s story
Bargaining
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Stage of grieving: overwhelmed, helplessness, hostility, flight
Depression
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Stage of grieving: exploring options, new plan in place, moving on.
acceptance
83
STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
Regular exercise
Support System
Time management
Guided Imagery & Visualization
Relaxation
Journal Writing
84
defense mechanism: Negation of reality of threatening situations, despite factual evidence
Denial
85
defense mechanism: Attribution of one’s own thoughts, feelings, or impulses to others
Projection
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defense mechanism: Unconscious blocking from awareness material that is threatening or painful
Repression
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defense mechanism: Intellectual explaining away of threatening circumstances
Rationalization
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defense mechanism: Incorporating without examination or thought, the qualities or attitudes of others
Introjection
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defense mechanism: Transfer of feelings or reaction evoked by one topic or event to another that is less threatening
Displacement
90
defense mechanism: Expression of a feeling that is the opposite of one’s authentic feeling or of feelings that would be appropriate in the situation
Reaction formation
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defense mechanism: Retreat to a previous developmental level
Regression
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defense mechanism: Conscious attempt to keep threatening material out of consciousness
Suppression
93
defense mechanism: Channeling of socially unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities
Sublimation
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defense mechanism: Use of an object, idea, or act to express emotion that is not express directly.
Symbolization
