1st Exams Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Stage where cell grows, makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2 cells
A
Interphase
2
Q
Regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo which is divided into 3 main stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
A
Cell cycle
3
Q
Stage where the cells nucleus divides into two nuclei and produces two daughter cells
A
Mitosis
4
Q
First and longest stage where chromatin bundles to form chromosomes. Nucleolus disappears and spindles form
A
Prophase
5
Q
Second stage where all of the chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell
A
Metaphase
6
Q
Third stage where sister chromatids seperate and each chromatid is now a daughter. Spindles shortens and splits chromatid to opposite sides of the cell
A
Anaphase
7
Q
Chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell and 2 new nuclei are formed
A
Telophase
8
Q
Final stage where cytoplasm divides
A
Cytokinesis
9
Q
Bundled up chromatin in the nucleus
A
Chromosomes
10
Q
Joins sister chromatids at the center
A
Centromere
11
Q
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Genetic material that carries info about an organism from one generation to the next
A
DNA
12
Q
Disease caused by a disruption to the cell cycle leading to uncontrolled cell division
A
Cancer
13
Q
Abnormal mass of essentially normal cells that always remain at the site and can be removed with surgery
A
Benign
14
Q
Mass of cancerous cells that displace normal tissue as it grows. If not killed or removed it can spread or break off to other parts of the body
A
Malignant
15
Q
Treatment of disease such as cancer using XDrays or similar forms of radiation
A
Radiation treatment
16
Q
Treatment of disease such as cancer by the use of chemical substances, such as cytotoxic and other drugs
A
Chemotherapy
17
Q
Where is the DNA found
A
In the chromatin in the nucleus
18
Q
DNA has 4 kinds of…
A
Nitrogen bases
19
Q
How many new identical strands are formed during DNA replication
A
2
20
Q
What is a 5 carbon dioxide sugar called in a DNA nucleotide
A
Deoxyribose
21
Q
When pairing, what does guanine always pair with
A
Cytosine
22
Q
Process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses to make food. Autotrophs use the Suns energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars
A
Photosynthesis
23
Q
Obtain food from other organisms. Cannot make their own food
A
Heterotrophs
24
Q
Use energy from the sun to make its own food
A
Autotrophs
25
In plant cells, capture energy and add in photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
26
Green pigment in chloroplast
Chlorophyll
27
Small openings on leaves
Stomata
28
A cell moves particles using energy against the concentration gradient by
Active transport
29
Large particle are engulfed, the enclosed by the cell membrane in a process called
Endocytosis
30
If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by
Osmosis
31
Not a form of passive transport
Endocytosis
32
When a plant is placed in a ---- solution, there will be a loss of water causing the plant to wilt
Hypertonic
33
Where does photosynthesis mostly occur
The leaves of a plant
34
--- in a plant cells capture energy using a pigment called chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
35
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through ----
Stomata
36
In photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted Into --- energy
Chemical
37
What organelle does photosynthesis take place in?
Chloroplasts
38
What organelle does cellular respiration take place in
Mitochondria
39
Scientific study of heredity
Genetics
40
The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring
Heredity
41
An Australian monk, discovered important facts about heredity using garden peas
Gregor Mendel
42
Self-pollinated all offspring will have the same traits as parents
True breeding
43
Pollen carried from one flower to a different flower by wind, insect, or animal
Cross pollinating
44
Offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait
Hybrid
45
Genetically determined characteristics (different forms such as red, brown, or blonde hair
Traits
46
One set of instructions for an inherited traits
Genes
47
Different firms of genes
Alleles
48
The way an organism works and behaves (talk or short)
Phenotype
49
The allele combination of an organism (TT,Tt,tt)
Genotype
50
Two alleles for the trait are the same (TT,tt)
Homozygous
51
The two alleles for the trait are different (Tt)
Heterozygous
52
Used to predict the proportions of possible genotype a in offspring
Punnett square
53
A type of cell division that produces 4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells
Meiosis
54
A sex cell, is a haploid cell
Gamete
55
A sex cell, contains only one of each kind of chromosomes
Haploid
56
Cells found in the body cells, which have two of each kind of chromosome
Diploid
57
How many traits did Mendel study at a time
1
58
What plant did Mendel use
Pea plant
59
Mendel was the first person to succeed in predicting how --- are passed to the next generation
Traits
60
Mendel used --- peas in his heredity studies
True breeding
61
A --- is the offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait
Hybrid
62
Mendel is sometimes referred to as the father of ---
Heredity
63
The allele combination of an organism
Genotype
64
Factors that determine traits
Genes
65
Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
Law of independent assortment
66
Cross that involved two traits being studied
Dihybrid cross
67
Alleles for traits are the same
Homozygous
68
Different forms of genes
Alleles
69
Every organism has two alleles which separate when gametes are produced
Law of segregation
70
This cross is used when studying one trait
Monohybrid cross
71
When two alleles for a trait are different
Heterozygous
72
The way an organism looks or behaves
Phenotype
73
The microscope that allowed scientists to see structures inside cells
Electron microscope
74
First scientist to see living cells in pond water using a microscope
Leeuwenhoek
75
First scientist who observed cork was made of tiny cells
Robert Hooke
76
Microscope that uses two or more lenses and a light source to magnify objects
Compound light microscope
77
Basic unit of all living things
Cells
78
The plasma membrane is a --- boundary of a cell
Flexible
79
Selective permeability allows --- molecules to pass through the plasma membrane
Some
80
The --- mosaic model describes the plasma membrane and its molecules
Fluid
81
What kind of layer is the plasma membrane
Bilayer
82
What makes up a phospholipid
Glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group
83
Condensed chromatin that contains genetic info passed on to offspring
Chromosomes
84
A sac-like structure used for storage (water, food, enzymes)- large single one in plant cells
Vacuole
85
Made of microtubules and help with cell division
Centrioles
86
Long whip like projections that aid in movement usually just one or two
Flagella
87
Where proteins are assembled according to the DNA directions
Ribosomes
88
Makes ribosomes inside nucleus
Nucleolus
89
Transform chemical energy from foods into useful energy for both plant and animal cells
Mitochondria
90
Directs activities of cells organelles
Nucleus
91
Network of protein filament that helps cells keep their shape and helps with movement protein filaments called microtubules/micro filaments
Cytoskeleton
92
Sorts and packages proteins and materials into structures called vesicles then shipped out
Golgi apparatus
93
Thick fluid outside nucleus throughout cell
Cytoplasm
94
Remove wastes using digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
95
Strands of DNA located throughout nucleus
Nuclear envelope
96
Short hair like projections that wave to help move cell
Cilia
97
Surrounds nucleus and has thousands of pores allowing material in and out of nucleus
Nuclear envelope
98
Site where lipids for membrane are assembled along with proteins- two types: rough and smooth
Endoplasmic reticulum
99
Found in green plant cells and some Protists capturing sun energy and converting it to chemical energy
Chloroplasts
100
Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes
Sex linked traits
101
Blood type is an example of this
Codominant alleles
102
First 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
Autosomes
103
When neither allele of the parent is completely dominant, offspring shows mixed phenotype
Incomplete dominance
104
Having more than two alleles for a genetic trait
Multiple alleles
105
23rd pair of chromosomes in Human
Sex chromosomes
106
Inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic inheritance
107
Proteins are made up of ---
Amino acids
108
In DNA, --- always forms hydrogen bonds with guanine
Cytosine
109
The message of the DNA code is info for building ---
Proteins
110
--- is the sugar molecule found in RNA
Ribose
111
The genetic info in the DNA is transcribed to the --- strand
mRNA
112
--- carry specific amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
113
Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil are nitrogen bases found in ---
RNA
114
Any change In a gene or chromosome is called a ---
Mutation
115
Dolly the sheep was a successful example
Clone
116
Breeders cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of getting better traits
Hybridization
117
Breeders cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of getting best traits
Hybridization
118
Indentifies the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome
Human genome project
119
Genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another
Genetic engineering
120
Process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of next generation
Selective breeding
121
Inserts copies of a gene directly into a persons cell
Gene therapy
122
All the DNA in one cell of an organism
Genome
123
Involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics
Inbreeding
124
Diagram or family tree of genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map genetic traits
Pedigree
125
Photo of a persons chromosome arranged in pair and can reveal whether a person has the correct number of chromosomes
Karyotype
126
Process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of next generation
Selective breeding
127
All the DNA in one cell of an organism
Genome
128
Breeders cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of offspring having best traits from both parents
Hybridization
129
Subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the active medication or factor under study and thereby serving as a comparison group when treatment results are evaluated
Control
130
A set of principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experience, in the formulation of testing of hypothesis
Scientific method
131
An idea or theory that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion
Hypothesis
132
A final decision or judgment: opinion or decision that is formed after a period of thought or research
Conclusion
133
To study something closely and carefully
Analyze
134
The activity of getting info about the subject
Research
135
Able or likely to change or be changed: not always the same
Variable
136
To reach a conclusion based on known facts
Infer
