1st lecture

Question 1

What is matter?

Answer 1

Anything that occupies space and has mass. All matter is composed of atoms

Question 2

3 forms of matter?

Answer 2

Liquid (blood), gas (oxygen), and solid (bone)

Question 3

What is an atom?

Answer 3

The smallest particle that exhibits chemical properties of an element

Question 4

What are the major elements related to A&P?

Answer 4

CHON P.S. — carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

Question 5

What are the minor elements related to A&P?

Answer 5

SSIP CM — Sulfur, sodium, iron, potassium, chlorine, magnesium

Question 6

What does the atomic number on an element represent?

Answer 6

number of protons and electrons

Question 7

What does the atomic mass on an element represent?

Answer 7

Proton + neutron mass. Does NOT include mass of electrons (they’re too small; only weigh about 1/800 of a proton/neutron)

Question 8

How many atomic mass units do protons and neurons represent?

Answer 8

Singular protons and neutrons represent one amu (atomic mass unit)

Question 9

Where is the atomic number located?

Answer 9

Top right corner (typically)

Question 10

How can you find the number of neutrons by just looking at the atomic symbol block?

Answer 10

Subtract the mass (under the letters) from the atomic number.

Question 11

What are isotopes?

Answer 11

Atoms of the same element but with a different number of neutrons

Question 12

What are electrons attracted to (what will they match)?

Answer 12

Protons

Question 13

What are radioisotopes?

Answer 13

Isotopes that are unstable because of too many neutrons

Question 14

Physical half life:

Answer 14

Time it takes for half of the radioisotopes to become stable

Question 15

Biological half life:

Answer 15

Time it takes for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from body (think: biological—body)

Question 16

How can radioisotopes become more stable?

Answer 16

Lose nuclear components via radiation

Question 17

On the periodic table, how are the elements organized?

Answer 17

Rows: atomic number; columns: valence shell

Question 18

Valence electrons:

Answer 18

number of electrons in outer shell

Question 19

What is the Octet Rule?

Answer 19

Atoms without full outer shell will either gain, lose, or share electrons in effort to complete their shell

Question 20

What is an ion?

Answer 20

Atom that loses or gains an electron

Question 21

Covalent bond:

Answer 21

When an atom joins with another so they can share electrons to become stable

Question 22

What are cations?

Answer 22

Ions with positive charge

Question 23

If an atom loses an electron, what will its charge be?

Answer 23

Positive

Question 24

If an atom gains an electron, what will its charge be?

Answer 24

Negative

Question 25

What do elements on the left side tend to do when it comes to electrons?

Answer 25

Lose electrons (become more positive)

Question 26

What do elements on the right side tend to do?

Answer 26

Gain electrons (become more negative)

Question 27

How many electrons do outer shells want to hold?

Answer 27

8

Question 28

Ionic bond:

Answer 28

Covalent bond between a cation and an anion, creates a crystal lattice structure known as a salt

Question 29

What are atoms held together by covalent bonds called?

Answer 29

Molecules

Question 30

How do covalent bonds work (single, double, triple)?

Answer 30

Single: sharing one pair of electrons; double: sharing two pairs; triple: sharing three pairs

Question 31

In electronegativity, what is the difference between nonpolar and polar?

Answer 31

Nonpolar is the equal sharing of electrons; polar is the UNequal sharing.

Question 32

Structure formed after bonding an anion and cation is:

Answer 32

a salt

Question 33

Electronegativity is the _____

Answer 33

ABILITY OF AN ATOM TO ATTRACT SHARED ELECTRONS

Question 34

Is polar hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 34

HYDROPHILIC