1st module - basics

Question 1

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 1

Area of pharmacology that refers to the use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose a disease.

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

Study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates the drug.

Question 3

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 3

The analysis of what the drug does to the body, including the mechanisms by which the drug exerts its effect on target tissues.

Question 4

Chemical names

generic name

trade name

Answer 4

Specific compound’s structure

The official name, typically derived from chemical name

Brand name, assigned to compound by the company.

Question 5

Dose response curve

Answer 5

Dosage range of which a drug is effective. Allows understanding for how much drug is needed to initiate an effect as well as plateau.

Question 6

Potency

Answer 6

Potency helps understand at what dose are we able to produce a response.
A more potent drug may require less of a compound to produce a certain response.

Question 7

Therapeutic index

Answer 7

toxic dose/effective dose , closer to 1 the more toxic it is, the further from 1 the less toxic it is

Question 8

Different ways for drug to enter

Answer 8

(enteral -towards the GI)
Oral, sublingual, rectal
(Perenteral)
Inhalation, injection, topical, transdermal

Question 9

Oral
Advantages and disadvantages

Answer 9

advantage: easy, safe, convenient
Disadvantage: limited or erratic absorption of some drugs
Chance of first pass inactivation in liver
Example, analgesics

Question 10

Sublingual

Answer 10

advantages rapid onset, not subject to first pass inactivation
Disadvantages drug must be easily absorbed from oral mucosa

Question 11

rectal

Answer 11

pros alternative to oral route, local effect on rectal tissues
Cons poor or incomplete absorption, chance of rectal irritation

Question 12

inhalation

Answer 12

pros, rapid onset, direct application for respiratory disorders, large surface area for systemic absorption
Cons, chance of tissue irritations, patient compliance sometimes s problem

Question 13

injection

Answer 13

pros, provides more direct administration to target tissues, rapid onset
Cons, chance of infection if sterility not maintained

Question 14

topical

Answer 14

pros, local effects on surface of skin
Cons, only good in treated outer layers of skin

Question 15

transdermal

Answer 15

pros, introduces drug into body without breaking the skin, can provide steady prolonged delivery via medicated patch
Cons, drug must be able to pass through dermal layers intact

Question 16

Tissue permeability distribution

Answer 16

highly lipid soluble drugs can potentially reach several body compartments or cells
large non-lipid soluble compounds will likely remain in the tissue they’re administers
Specific tissues ex) blood-brain barrier: limits the movement of drugs into the CNS

Question 17

Blood flow distribution

Answer 17

Drugs circulating through the bloodstream have greater access to highly perfused tissues. Brain, Kidneys, and exercising skeletal muscle will receive more of the drug

Question 18

Binding to plasma proteins distribution

Answer 18

Drugs distribution will be limited as some of the drug will form bonds with the circulating proteins and will therefore have no therapeutic effect

Question 19

Binding to subcellular components distribution

Answer 19

Similar to binding to plasma proteins. Drugs may get “stuck” inside specific cells.

Question 20

Half life

Answer 20

the amount of time required for 50% of the drug remaining in the body to be eliminated

Question 21

Pharmodynamics

Answer 21

effect of drug

Question 22

pharmokinetics

Answer 22

how the drug moves around in the body

Question 23

surface receptors Link to

Answer 23

ion channels and directly to enzymes

Question 24

ion channels

Answer 24

Receptors directly involved in cellular response by acting as an ion pore which changes the membrane permeability.

ex) Ach binding opens a pore allowing for NA+ to depolarize
ex) GABA in CNS allows for Cl- to enter.

Question 25

Directly to enzymes (interaction with drug)

Answer 25

Drugs and endogenous chemicals that bind to the receptor site can change the enzyme activity of the intracellular catalytic component <> altering the biochemical function within the cell. Drugs and endogenous chemicals that bind to the receptor site can change the enzyme activity of the intracellular catalytic component <> altering the biochemical function within the cell.

Question 26

2nd messenger stuff

Answer 26

G proteins: proteins located on inner surface of cell’s membrane activated by binding guanine nucleotides. Substance binds to receptor -> receptor undergoes a shape change -> attaches to nearby G protein. -> G protein gets activated -> alters activity of enzyme/ion channel -> change in cell function

Question 27

Affinity

Answer 27

amount of attraction between a drug and a receptor high affinity: binds readily to open receptor even if low concentration low affinity: may require higher drug concentration to bind. Allosteric modulators: regulator that when binding, alters affinity.

Question 28

Selectivity

Answer 28

Selective: affects only one type of cell or tissue ex) cardioselective drug affects heart function with minimal response to GI or respiratory Allowed because of receptors structural and functional subgroups

Question 29

Agonist vs antagonist

Answer 29

Agonist: a drug that can bidn to a receptor and initiate a change in the cell’s function. partial agonist Antagonist: drug will bind to receptor but will not have any effect on the cell. competitive vs non competitive

Question 30

Receptor regulation

Answer 30

Overstimulation of receptors may lead to a decrease in receptor population. Prolonged decrease in stimulation can lead to increased receptor sensitivity.